Homogeneous mixtures
of two components
Why is the study of
solutions important?
13.
13.13.
13. Solutions
Solutions Solutions
Solutions
What solutions are
used in the home?
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Understanding Solutions: Types, Properties, and Calculations - Prof. Nicholas Thomas, Study notes of Chemistry
The concept of solutions, focusing on their different types, definitions, and properties. It covers homogeneous mixtures of two components, including solid, liquid, and gas solutions, and discusses the effects of temperature and pressure on solubility. The document also includes calculations for mass percentage, mole fraction, and molality, as well as an explanation of colligative properties and their impact on vapor pressure, boiling point, and freezing point.
Typology: Study notes
Pre 2010
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Homogeneous mixturesof two components
Why is the study ofsolutions important?
13. Solutions
SolutionsSolutionsSolutions
What solutions areused in the home?
Types Types
Types Types of
ofofof
Solutions Solutions
Solutions Solutions
Solid
dental fillings, 14 K gold, alloys
Liquid
saline, vinegar, sugar water
Gas
air
TheTheTheThe Solution
SolutionSolutionSolution Process
ProcessProcessProcess
Dissolution solute particles surrounded &dispersed by solventSolute particles
solvated
NaCl (s)
NaCl (aq)
NaCl (s)
Na
(aq) + Cl
(aq)
TheTheTheThe Solution
SolutionSolutionSolution Process
ProcessProcessProcess
NaCl (s)
Na
(aq) + Cl
(aq)
solubility:solubility:solubility:solubility: effect of temperature
effect of temperature
effect of temperature effect of temperature
Solids
solubilityincreaseswith temp
barium sulfate settles
Not all substances soluble
solubilitY: solubilitY:
solubilitY: solubilitY: effect of temperature
effect of temperatureeffect of temperatureeffect of temperature
Gases
solubilitydecreaseswith temp
solubility:solubility:solubility:solubility: effect
effecteffecteffect of
ofofof pressure
pressurepressurepressure
Gases
Solubility increases withpressure of gas
Henry’s Law M
g
= kP
g
Auschwitz Auschwitz
Auschwitz Auschwitz
HCN gas reacts with iron to formblue compoundPrussian Blue stainingForensic analysis confirms presenceof cyanide in the buildings
s s
s solubility
olubilityolubilityolubility
Fe(OH)
3
- 6CN
6 6
6 6
3OH
- Fe(CN)
6
3-
Mystery Mystery
Mystery Mystery of
of
of of lake
lake nyoslakelake
nyos
nyos nyos
Concentration Concentration
Concentration Concentration
Mass percentage:
% of solute by mass
mass of A
mass of solution
%A =
X 100%
Concentration Concentration
Concentration Concentration
Mole fraction:
(
PPPP
) moles of solute
divided by moles ofsolution
moles of
A
Total moles of solution
PPPP
A
Concentration Concentration
Concentration Concentration
Molality:
(m) moles of solute per
kilogram of solvent
moles of
A
Kilograms of solvent
m
A
Solution Solution
Solution Solution calculations
calculationscalculationscalculations
A saturated solution of NaCl has35.7 g of NaCl per 100.0 g water.Calculate: 1. Mass %
- Mole fraction3. Molality
- Mass %
mass of A
mass of solution
X 100%
35.7 g
X 100%
100.0 + 35.7 g