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Understanding Solutions: Types, Properties, and Calculations - Prof. Nicholas Thomas, Study notes of Chemistry

The concept of solutions, focusing on their different types, definitions, and properties. It covers homogeneous mixtures of two components, including solid, liquid, and gas solutions, and discusses the effects of temperature and pressure on solubility. The document also includes calculations for mass percentage, mole fraction, and molality, as well as an explanation of colligative properties and their impact on vapor pressure, boiling point, and freezing point.

Typology: Study notes

Pre 2010

Uploaded on 08/19/2009

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Homogeneous mixtures
of two components
Why is the study of
solutions important?
13.
13.13.
13. Solutions
Solutions Solutions
Solutions
What solutions are
used in the home?
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pfd
pfe
pff
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pf1a
pf1b
pf1c
pf1d
pf1e
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Homogeneous mixturesof two components

Why is the study ofsolutions important?

13. Solutions

SolutionsSolutionsSolutions

What solutions areused in the home?

Types Types

Types Types of

ofofof

Solutions Solutions

Solutions Solutions

Solid

dental fillings, 14 K gold, alloys

Liquid

saline, vinegar, sugar water

Gas

air

TheTheTheThe Solution

SolutionSolutionSolution Process

ProcessProcessProcess

Dissolution solute particles surrounded &dispersed by solventSolute particles

solvated

NaCl (s)

NaCl (aq)

NaCl (s)

Na

(aq) + Cl

(aq)

TheTheTheThe Solution

SolutionSolutionSolution Process

ProcessProcessProcess

NaCl (s)

Na

(aq) + Cl

(aq)

solubility:solubility:solubility:solubility: effect of temperature

effect of temperature

effect of temperature effect of temperature

Solids

solubilityincreaseswith temp

barium sulfate settles

Not all substances soluble

solubilitY: solubilitY:

solubilitY: solubilitY: effect of temperature

effect of temperatureeffect of temperatureeffect of temperature

Gases

solubilitydecreaseswith temp

solubility:solubility:solubility:solubility: effect

effecteffecteffect of

ofofof pressure

pressurepressurepressure

Gases

Solubility increases withpressure of gas

Henry’s Law M

g

= kP

g

Auschwitz Auschwitz

Auschwitz Auschwitz

HCN gas reacts with iron to formblue compoundPrussian Blue stainingForensic analysis confirms presenceof cyanide in the buildings

s s

s solubility

olubilityolubilityolubility

Fe(OH)

3

  • 6CN

6 6

6 6

3OH

  • Fe(CN)

6

3-

Mystery Mystery

Mystery Mystery of

of

of of lake

lake nyoslakelake

nyos

nyos nyos

Concentration Concentration

Concentration Concentration

Mass percentage:

% of solute by mass

mass of A

mass of solution

%A =

X 100%

Concentration Concentration

Concentration Concentration

Mole fraction:

(

PPPP

) moles of solute

divided by moles ofsolution

moles of

A

Total moles of solution

PPPP

A

Concentration Concentration

Concentration Concentration

Molality:

(m) moles of solute per

kilogram of solvent

moles of

A

Kilograms of solvent

m

A

Solution Solution

Solution Solution calculations

calculationscalculationscalculations

A saturated solution of NaCl has35.7 g of NaCl per 100.0 g water.Calculate: 1. Mass %

  1. Mole fraction3. Molality
    1. Mass %

mass of A

mass of solution

X 100%

35.7 g

X 100%

100.0 + 35.7 g