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Notes on Osteology - Anatomy And Physiology | BIO 250, Study notes of Physiology

Material Type: Notes; Professor: Rachow; Class: Anatomy And Physiology; Subject: Biology; University: Missouri Western State University; Term: Unknown 1989;

Typology: Study notes

Pre 2010

Uploaded on 08/08/2009

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Osteology
Bio 250
Anatomy & Physiology
Classification of Bones on the Basis of Their Shape
Classification of Bones (Shape)
Long bones, e.g. arms
and legs
Epiphysis covered with
articular cartilage
Diaphysis or shaft
Periosteum
Periosteum
Compact (cortical)
bone (Functional unit:
Osteon)
Cancellous or spongy
(trabecular) bone
Marrow (medullary)
cavity
Endosteum
Metaphysis
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Osteology

Bio 250 Anatomy & Physiology

Classification of Bones on the Basis of Their Shape

Classification of Bones (Shape)

‹ Long bones, e.g. arms and legs

  • Epiphysis covered with articular cartilage
  • Diaphysis or shaft
  • PeriosteumPeriosteum
  • Compact (cortical) bone (Functional unit: Osteon)
  • Cancellous or spongy (trabecular) bone
  • Marrow (medullary) cavity
  • Endosteum
  • Metaphysis

Classification of Bones

‹ Short bones, e.g. wrists and ankles

  • Cubical shape
  • Compact outer shell
  • Cancellous inner coreC ll i
  • Marrow
  • Periosteum
  • Articular cartilage

Classification of Bones

‹ Flat bones, e.g. ribs and some skull bones

  • Inner/outer surface of compact bone
  • Inner core of cancellous bone
  • MarrowM
  • Periosteum

Classification of Bones

‹ Irregular bones, e.g. mandible and vertebrae

  • Outer compact bone
  • Inner core of cancellous bone
  • PeriosteumP i
  • Can have articular cartilage

Bone Growth and Development

‹ No osseus tissue prior to 10 weeks in fetus ‹ Early skeleton composed of:

  • Fibrous membrane in flat bones of skull
  • Hyaline cartilage in rest of skeleton ‹ By 10-12 weeks bony tissue begins to replace fibrous tissue and cartilage

Intramembranous Ossification

‹ Membrane-like layers of connective tissue ‹ Undifferentiated connective cells ‹‹ Many blood vesselsMany blood vessels ‹ Some cells form osteoblasts and produce cancellous bone matrix ‹ Cells on outside form periosteum ‹ Osteoblasts inside periosteum form compact bone

Fontanels

‹ “Soft” spots at the corners of adjoining bone plates ‹ Aids in the birthing process ‹‹ ClClose by 20-24 months after birth b 20 24 th ft bi th

Endochondral Ossification

‹ Primary ossification center in diaphysis ‹ Secondary centers form in epiphyses ‹ Epiphyseal (growth) disk remains between end and shaft of bone

  • Disk consists of resting, young reproducing, old enlarging and dying cells
  • Disk responsible for longitudinal growth in long bones ‹ Hyaline cartilage remains on the articular surfaces

Bone Growth

‹ Long bones can grow in circumference during our entire life ‹ Long bones can grow LONGER only while there is a functional epiphyseal disk ofh i f i l i h l di k f hyaline cartilage

Bone

X-ray

showingg

presence

of

growth

disks

Puberty brings end to long bone growth

‹ Sex hormones rise during puberty ‹ Stimulate ossification at growth disk ‹ Cause “closure” of growth disk ‹ Growth typically ceases by age 18 in girls; 20 in boys

Circumferential Bone Growth

‹ Osteogenic layer of periosteum produces osteoblasts ‹ Osteoblasts add additional bone matrix ‹ Osteoclasts remodel interior of medullary cavity to lighten bone

Structure/Growth of the Periosteum

Control of Bone Remodeling

‹ The extensive remodeling that occurs constantly is regulated by two different processes

  • One process works to maintain mineralO k t i t i i l homeostasis in the blood (previous slide)
  • One process works to strengthen bones along lines of stress (next slide) » to make bones strong as needed to support the stresses placed on the body » Compression and tensional forces create weak electrical currents that stimulate osteoblasts

Wolff’s law- Bones remodel in response to stresses placed on themp Note: Stresses are primarily on the bones surfaces so they can be hollow (light) and have needed strength.

Fracture Repair

Bone Marrow

‹ Yellow bone marrow in most adult bones and all medullar cavities ‹ Red bone marrow (hemopoietic tissue):

  • bodies of vertebraebodies of vertebrae
  • flat bones of skull
  • sternum
  • ribs
  • proximal epiphyses of femur and humerus
  • pelvis

Articulations (Joints)

‹ Synarthroses (Fibrous joints)

  • immovable joints
  • bones separated by fibrous tissue
  • e.g. sutures of skull ‹ Amphiarthroses (cartilaginous joints)
  • slightly movable joints
  • bones separated by cartilage disk
  • e.g. pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks

Articulations (Joints)

‹ Diarthroses (Freely movable joints)

  • Articular cartilage
  • Joint capsulep
  • Synovial membrane
  • Synovial fluid » Lubricates joint surfaces » Distributes nutrients for cartilage » Absorbs shock in joints subjected to compression
  • Joint cavity

Diarthrotic Joints-Accessory Parts

‹ Ligaments- The joint capsule that surrounds the entire joint is continuous with the periostea of the articulating bones. ‹‹ Accessory ligaments are localized thickenings of theAccessory ligaments are localized thickenings of the capsule that reinforce and strengthen the capsule and may also limit rotation of the joint. ‹ Extracapsular ligaments interconnect articulating bones and pass across the outside of the capsule and provide additional support to the wall of the joint. ‹ Intracapsular ligaments help to prevent extreme movements that might damage the joint.

Diarthrotic Joints-Accessory Parts

‹ Tendon- not part of the joint itself but in passing across or around joint, may limit movement or provide mechanical support. ‹ BB ursa- a small, fluid-filled pocket inll fl id fill d k i connective tissue. They may be connected to the joint cavity or completely separate. Form where structures rub together. They function to reduce friction and act as a shock absorber. (Bursitis)