Study with the several resources on Docsity
Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan
Prepare for your exams
Study with the several resources on Docsity
Earn points to download
Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan
Community
Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts
Discover the best universities in your country according to Docsity users
Free resources
Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors
Material Type: Notes; Professor: Rachow; Class: Anatomy And Physiology; Subject: Biology; University: Missouri Western State University; Term: Unknown 1989;
Typology: Study notes
1 / 16
This page cannot be seen from the preview
Don't miss anything!
Bio 250 Anatomy & Physiology
Classification of Bones on the Basis of Their Shape
Long bones, e.g. arms and legs
Short bones, e.g. wrists and ankles
Flat bones, e.g. ribs and some skull bones
Irregular bones, e.g. mandible and vertebrae
No osseus tissue prior to 10 weeks in fetus Early skeleton composed of:
Membrane-like layers of connective tissue Undifferentiated connective cells Many blood vesselsMany blood vessels Some cells form osteoblasts and produce cancellous bone matrix Cells on outside form periosteum Osteoblasts inside periosteum form compact bone
“Soft” spots at the corners of adjoining bone plates Aids in the birthing process ClClose by 20-24 months after birth b 20 24 th ft bi th
Primary ossification center in diaphysis Secondary centers form in epiphyses Epiphyseal (growth) disk remains between end and shaft of bone
Long bones can grow in circumference during our entire life Long bones can grow LONGER only while there is a functional epiphyseal disk ofh i f i l i h l di k f hyaline cartilage
Sex hormones rise during puberty Stimulate ossification at growth disk Cause “closure” of growth disk Growth typically ceases by age 18 in girls; 20 in boys
Osteogenic layer of periosteum produces osteoblasts Osteoblasts add additional bone matrix Osteoclasts remodel interior of medullary cavity to lighten bone
The extensive remodeling that occurs constantly is regulated by two different processes
Wolff’s law- Bones remodel in response to stresses placed on themp Note: Stresses are primarily on the bones surfaces so they can be hollow (light) and have needed strength.
Yellow bone marrow in most adult bones and all medullar cavities Red bone marrow (hemopoietic tissue):
Synarthroses (Fibrous joints)
Diarthroses (Freely movable joints)
Ligaments- The joint capsule that surrounds the entire joint is continuous with the periostea of the articulating bones. Accessory ligaments are localized thickenings of theAccessory ligaments are localized thickenings of the capsule that reinforce and strengthen the capsule and may also limit rotation of the joint. Extracapsular ligaments interconnect articulating bones and pass across the outside of the capsule and provide additional support to the wall of the joint. Intracapsular ligaments help to prevent extreme movements that might damage the joint.
Tendon- not part of the joint itself but in passing across or around joint, may limit movement or provide mechanical support. BB ursa- a small, fluid-filled pocket inll fl id fill d k i connective tissue. They may be connected to the joint cavity or completely separate. Form where structures rub together. They function to reduce friction and act as a shock absorber. (Bursitis)
