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This lecture handout was designed and distributed by Prof. Akhilesh Kulkarni at Sree Chitra Thirunal Institute of Medical Sciences and Technology. This is part of Cancer Cytogenetic course. It includes: Contraception, Papyrus, Stiliborn, Transmitted, Smear, Polyurethance, Impregnated, Nonoxynol, Diaphragm, Impregnated
Typology: Exercises
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o Ebers Papyrus (1550 BC) o Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD) o Dioscorides (58-64 AD) o Soranus (100 AD) o Al-Razi (923 AD) o Ali ibn Abbas (994 AD) o Avicenna (1037 AD) Lactational Control of Fertility o Darwin (1809-1882) o Koran (2:223) o “Mothers shall give suck to their offspring for two whole years if they desire to complete the term” o Stillborn pregnancy interval reduced o Higher fertility rates among users of “wet nurse” o Patterns changed around 1750’ when breast feeding started to decline Reasonable at Time o Wiping out the vagina o? Reasonable but ineffective o Honey, alum, lactic acid, pepper as pessar o Totally unreasonable and ineffective o Holding breath at time of ejaculation o Jumping backwards 7 times after coitus Contraception o (Population control ???) o Infanticide ies and barriers o Opiates, gin, too little food, smothering (common in 18th^ century) o Abandonment o Foundling Hospital (Coram 1741) o 10,204/14934 infants admitted then died o Majority were illegitimate children o 50% of all legitimate births admitted were of mothers wi IUD History o 1 909 Richter used silkworm gut o 1909 Graefenberg used silkworm gut and silver wire o 1960 Lippes Loop, Margulies Spiral, Saf-T-Coil o 1960’s Zipper used copper devices o Tail-less steel ring used in China by 45 million o About 10% of contraceptors in USA o Progesterone impregnated o Copper coated (various shapes) o 10 year use th 6 or more children
Condom History o Used for centuries o Pregnancy protection o Infection protection o Stimulation o Decoration o 1350 BC Egyptians wore decorative covers for penis o 1564 Fallopius described linen sheaths o 1700’s animal intestines: o Given name “Condom”: Protection from venereal disease and numerous bastard offspring o 1798 Casanova (from his memoirs) Barrier Methods Dr. Condom - English physician Charles II had many children 1800 in brothels all over Europe English Cape French letters 1844 Vulcanization of rubber 1850 rubber condoms in USA 1880 Diaphragm in Germany Sponge Real sponges used for centuries June 1983 “TODAY” (Two Day) 2 inches long by 1.25 inches thick Polyurethane - 1 gram nonoxynol- 9 125 - 150 ug per 24 hours (10-15%) Rare toxic shock Bacteriocidal/virocidal/spermicidal Not carcinogenic Remove 6 hours after the last coitus