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Nomenclature: the art of naming organisms, Exercises of Science education

Slides on binomial nomenclature and Carolus Linnaeus.

Typology: Exercises

2020/2021

Uploaded on 04/20/2021

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O. De Clerck Praktische taxonomie 2008-09
Nomenclature : the art of naming organisms
Historical perspective
Classification – Taxonomy – Nomenclature
The CODE
different codes
principles and rules
problems with the CODE
Other codes: the Biocode, the Phylocode, …
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O. De Clerck^

Nomenclature : the art of naming organisms • Historical perspective • Classification – Taxonomy – Nomenclature • The CODE • different codes • principles and rules • problems with the CODE • Other codes: the Biocode, the Phylocode, …

O. De Clerck^ " Nobody has practised his profession with more eagerness orhas had more students attending his lectures at our university.… No-one was a greater botanist or zoologist. Nobody haswritten more works, better, more precise, of his ownexperience. No-one has so completely reformed a wholescience and thus started a new epoch. … Nobody was morefamous all over the world.

.... "

  • historically: evolutionary thinking ~ classification• Weltanschauung ~ creation– GOD // CREATION // PLAN– every organism has its own place in god’s creation– duty to discover “the idea” behind the creation• Linnaeus• Swedish biologist^ No-one has so completely reformed a whole^ science and thus started a new epoch

[Koerner 1999]

th^18 century: Carolus Linnaeus

O. De Clerck^

Praktische taxonomie 2008-

th^18 century: Carolus Linnaeus • Binomial nomenclature– [genus] + [species epithet]– replaces the traditional polynomial ‘system’• Hierarchical classification

Vegetabilia^ Animalia

Mineralia Cryptogamia Algae Byssus

Chara ConfervaFucus Ulva

Rijk KlasseOrde Genus Species

O. De Clerck^

Praktische taxonomie 2008-

th^19 century: taxonomic refinement

Vegetabilia^ Animalia^

Mineralia Cryptogamia Algae Byssus CharaFucus^ Ulva^ Conferva

Rijk KlasseOrdeGenus Species^ [De Toni 1889 – 1924]

O. De Clerck^

Darwin: ‘On the origin of species …’ 1859.^ • The problem of classification• classification system predates evolutionary theory• was not made to incorporate evolutionary ideas• highlight a ‘plant’ – ‘animal’ distinction

O. De Clerck^

Nomenclature^ • = giving names^ Systematics : the study of the diversity of life on the planet Earth^ Taxonomy : describing, identifying, classifying, and naming oforganisms^ Classification

: placing taxa in a classification system Nomenclature : naming of taxa

Phylogenetics : inference of relationships Speciation : study of species formation Biogeography : geographic distribution of species Paleontology : fossil diversity

O. De Clerck^

Nomenclature^ Nomenclature : naming of taxa^ • Advantages of a stable nomenclature^ - names are the key^ - unequivocal communication^ - International system transcending language differences^ example:Common whitlowgrass (Eng.), Drave printanière (Fr.), Hungerblümchen (Ger.)

O. De Clerck^

Nomenclature^ Nomenclature : naming of taxa^ • Advantages of a stable nomenclature^ -names are the key^ - unequivocal communication^ - International system transcending language differences^ example:Common whitlowgrass (Eng.), Drave printanière (Fr.), Hungerblümchen (Ger.)

Vroegeling Erophila verna

O. De Clerck^

Nomenclature^ Nomenclature : naming of taxa^ • Advantages of a stable nomenclature^ -names are the key^ - unequivocal communication^ - stability in time (>< vernacular names)

O. De Clerck^

Nomenclature^ Nomenclature : naming of taxa^ • Advantages of a stable nomenclature^ -names are the key^ - unequivocal communication^ - stability in time (>< vernacular names)

O. De Clerck^

Nomenclature^ • Caspar Bauhin^

Pinax theatri botanici

Nomenclature : “Linnean” binomials>< Linnaeus (1750’s)

O. De Clerck^

Nomenclature^ • LinnaeusGenus name + species epitheton(+ authors)e.g.^ Rosa canina

Linnaeus

Nomenclature : “Linnean” binomials

O. De Clerck^

Nomenclature^ • e.g.^ Ectocarpus mucronatus

Saunders was transferred to

Giffordia^ by Phinney (1973). The name of the taxon therefore became

Giffordia mucronatus

(Saunders) Phinney.

  • The type^ of the taxon is the type of

Ectocarpus mucronatus

Saunders

  • We refer to^ Ectocarpus mucronatus

Saunders as the basionym.

  • It is obvious that^

E. mucronatus^ and

G. mucronatus^ refer to the same taxon (the species). The two names are a result of differing taxonomic opinion. • Both names are^ homotypic

or^ objective synonymes

  • they refer to the same type. • The original name, the name of the type specimen, is termed

basionym.

Nomenclature : “Linnean” binomials

O. De Clerck^

Nomenclature^ • Both names are

homotypic^ or^ objective synonymes

-^ they refer to the same type • Heterotypic or subjective synonyms refer to different types. •^ C. bifurca^ Schrank (1789),

C. ampullacea^ Goodenough (1794) are considered synonyms of

Nomenclature : “Linnean” binomials^ Carex rostrata^ Stokes (1787); all three names have different types.