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O. De Clerck^
Nomenclature : the art of naming organisms • Historical perspective • Classification – Taxonomy – Nomenclature • The CODE • different codes • principles and rules • problems with the CODE • Other codes: the Biocode, the Phylocode, …
O. De Clerck^ " Nobody has practised his profession with more eagerness orhas had more students attending his lectures at our university.… No-one was a greater botanist or zoologist. Nobody haswritten more works, better, more precise, of his ownexperience. No-one has so completely reformed a wholescience and thus started a new epoch. … Nobody was morefamous all over the world.
.... "
- historically: evolutionary thinking ~ classification• Weltanschauung ~ creation– GOD // CREATION // PLAN– every organism has its own place in god’s creation– duty to discover “the idea” behind the creation• Linnaeus• Swedish biologist^ No-one has so completely reformed a whole^ science and thus started a new epoch
[Koerner 1999]
th^18 century: Carolus Linnaeus
O. De Clerck^
Praktische taxonomie 2008-
th^18 century: Carolus Linnaeus • Binomial nomenclature– [genus] + [species epithet]– replaces the traditional polynomial ‘system’• Hierarchical classification
Vegetabilia^ Animalia
Mineralia Cryptogamia Algae Byssus
Chara ConfervaFucus Ulva
Rijk KlasseOrde Genus Species
O. De Clerck^
Praktische taxonomie 2008-
th^19 century: taxonomic refinement
Vegetabilia^ Animalia^
Mineralia Cryptogamia Algae Byssus CharaFucus^ Ulva^ Conferva
Rijk KlasseOrdeGenus Species^ [De Toni 1889 – 1924]
O. De Clerck^
Darwin: ‘On the origin of species …’ 1859.^ • The problem of classification• classification system predates evolutionary theory• was not made to incorporate evolutionary ideas• highlight a ‘plant’ – ‘animal’ distinction
O. De Clerck^
Nomenclature^ • = giving names^ Systematics : the study of the diversity of life on the planet Earth^ Taxonomy : describing, identifying, classifying, and naming oforganisms^ Classification
: placing taxa in a classification system Nomenclature : naming of taxa
Phylogenetics : inference of relationships Speciation : study of species formation Biogeography : geographic distribution of species Paleontology : fossil diversity
O. De Clerck^
Nomenclature^ Nomenclature : naming of taxa^ • Advantages of a stable nomenclature^ - names are the key^ - unequivocal communication^ - International system transcending language differences^ example:Common whitlowgrass (Eng.), Drave printanière (Fr.), Hungerblümchen (Ger.)
O. De Clerck^
Nomenclature^ Nomenclature : naming of taxa^ • Advantages of a stable nomenclature^ -names are the key^ - unequivocal communication^ - International system transcending language differences^ example:Common whitlowgrass (Eng.), Drave printanière (Fr.), Hungerblümchen (Ger.)
Vroegeling Erophila verna
O. De Clerck^
Nomenclature^ Nomenclature : naming of taxa^ • Advantages of a stable nomenclature^ -names are the key^ - unequivocal communication^ - stability in time (>< vernacular names)
O. De Clerck^
Nomenclature^ Nomenclature : naming of taxa^ • Advantages of a stable nomenclature^ -names are the key^ - unequivocal communication^ - stability in time (>< vernacular names)
O. De Clerck^
Nomenclature^ • Caspar Bauhin^
Pinax theatri botanici
Nomenclature : “Linnean” binomials>< Linnaeus (1750’s)
O. De Clerck^
Nomenclature^ • LinnaeusGenus name + species epitheton(+ authors)e.g.^ Rosa canina
Linnaeus
Nomenclature : “Linnean” binomials
O. De Clerck^
Nomenclature^ • e.g.^ Ectocarpus mucronatus
Saunders was transferred to
Giffordia^ by Phinney (1973). The name of the taxon therefore became
Giffordia mucronatus
(Saunders) Phinney.
- The type^ of the taxon is the type of
Ectocarpus mucronatus
Saunders
- We refer to^ Ectocarpus mucronatus
Saunders as the basionym.
E. mucronatus^ and
G. mucronatus^ refer to the same taxon (the species). The two names are a result of differing taxonomic opinion. • Both names are^ homotypic
or^ objective synonymes
- they refer to the same type. • The original name, the name of the type specimen, is termed
basionym.
Nomenclature : “Linnean” binomials
O. De Clerck^
Nomenclature^ • Both names are
homotypic^ or^ objective synonymes
-^ they refer to the same type • Heterotypic or subjective synonyms refer to different types. •^ C. bifurca^ Schrank (1789),
C. ampullacea^ Goodenough (1794) are considered synonyms of
Nomenclature : “Linnean” binomials^ Carex rostrata^ Stokes (1787); all three names have different types.
