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NIGHTINGALE SCI 225 PRACTICE EXAM: Questions and Answers, Exams of Nursing

Nightingale Medical InstituteNursing

A comprehensive set of practice exam questions and answers for nightingale sci 225, covering a wide range of topics in human biology and medicine. It includes definitions of key terms, explanations of medical conditions, and examples of clinical scenarios. A valuable resource for students preparing for exams or seeking to deepen their understanding of the subject matter.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 12/13/2024

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NIGHTINGALE SCI 225 PRACTICE EXAM
Questions and Answers Latest Versions
2024 GRADE A+
1. Pathogenisis: The matter of development of a disease
2. sequel: pathological condition resulting from a prior disease, injury, or attack
3. etiology: the science and study of the causes or origins of disease
4. idiopathic: any disease that is of uncertain or unknown origin may be termed
5. congenital: a condition that is presented at birth, whether or not it is inherited
6. Metabolic Degenerative: can happen when abnormal chemical reaction in the
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Download NIGHTINGALE SCI 225 PRACTICE EXAM: Questions and Answers and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

NIGHTINGALE SCI 225 PRACTICE EXAM

Questions and Answers Latest Versions

2024 GRADE A+

  1. Pathogenisis: The matter of development of a disease
  2. sequel: pathological condition resulting from a prior disease, injury, or attack
  3. etiology: the science and study of the causes or origins of disease
  4. idiopathic: any disease that is of uncertain or unknown origin may be termed
  5. congenital: a condition that is presented at birth, whether or not it is inherited
  6. Metabolic Degenerative: can happen when abnormal chemical reaction in the

body alter the normal metabolic process. it can also be defined as inherited single gene anomaly, most of which are autosomal recessive.

  1. traumatic: injury is a term which refers to physical injuries of sudden onset and severity which require immediate medical attention.
  2. Cell- mediated immunity: an immune response that does not involve antibod- ies, but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic t-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.
  3. humoral immunity: the aspect of immunity that is mediated by macro mol- ecules found in extracellular fluids such as secreted antibodies, complement proteins, and certain antimicrobial peptides
  4. hypersensitivity 1: local allergy, occurring rapidly, where the allergen encoun- ters the body. IgE
  1. CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen): detected in someone with colon cancer
  2. PSA (prostate specific antigen): prostate cancer
  3. diploid: 23 chromosomes from mother and 23 from father=
  4. haploid: cell that only has one copy of each chromosome
  5. homozygous: 2 of the same alleles (TT or tt)
  6. heterozygous: 2 differnt alleles (Tt)
  7. cerebral palsy: congenital 85-90% of the time
  8. angioplasty: thin tube in arm or groin going up to affected artery, restoring blood flow by inflating a balloon to push the plaque outward against the wall of the artery. widens and restores blood flow
  9. bypass: reroutes blood flow around the clogged artery
  10. ablation: to scar or destroy tissue in your heart that allows incorrect electrical signals to cause an abnormal heart rythme.
  11. electro cardioverson: (AED) external, delivers electrical shock and is used to establish normal heart rhythm.
  12. defibrillator: internal. implant under the skin of the shoulder re synchronizing the heart.
  1. polycythemia vera: absolute, increase in RBC cell mass due to loss of plasma volume, and most common in men.
  2. thrombocytopenia: autoimmune disorder resulting in excess destruction of platelets
  3. thalassemia: most severe, genetic disorder, formation of defective hemoglobin . symptoms of pallor, fatigue and SOB
  4. Sickle cell anemia: genetic. abnormal hemoglobin. pallor, fatigue, SOB
  5. normal O2: above 90%
  6. rapid strep test: bacterial strep (antibiotics), viral does not get antibiotics
  7. pnemonia: affects primarily aleoli
  8. digestive tract & process: mouth-pharynx-esophagus-stomachthe pyloric sphincter controls the chyme that is passed from the stomach to the small intestine. Duodenum (where most digestion occurs) bile also enters here. Jejunum & ileum, large intestine-transverse, ascending and descending, cecum and the rectum
  9. volvulus: intestine twist on itself
  1. rennin and angiotensin: rennin converts the plasma protein into angiotensin from decreased blood to the kidneys. lungs convert angiotensin into angiotensin 1
  2. nephritic syndrom: kidney lesions will result
  3. glomerulonephritis (GN): inflammatory disease or glomeruli (CT reveals small kidneys)
  4. hydronephrosis: condition of urine retention with in dilated kidney tubules
  5. polycystic kidney disease: fluid filled pockets of tissue w/in kidney
  6. perineum: space between rectal opening and vaginal opening
  7. symphysis pubis: secondary cartilaginous joint between pubic bones
  8. labia: vaginal lips
  9. vestibular: vestibular glands produce lubricating secretion
  10. GnRH (gonadotropin - releasing hormone): stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH).
  11. FSH & LH: drive the ovarian cycle
  1. Estrogen & Progesterone: drive the menstrual cycle
  2. bulbourethral glands: secrete clear fluid into urethra that serves as lubricant
  3. prostate gland: thin, milky fluid enhances sperm motility and neutralizes acid- ity of male urethral and female vagina
  4. seminal vesicles: secrete thick, yellowish fluid that nourishes and activates sperm
  5. testes: produce sperm
  6. epididymis: coiled segment of sperm ducts that store sperm til mature then transports them. located in the back of the testes
  7. seminiferous tubules: highly coiled tubules contained with in the testes where the sperm develop
  8. glans penis: slightly bulging head of penis.
  9. smegma: thick waxy substance secreted by the glands in foreskin
  10. cervical cancer risk factor: HPV
  11. testicular cancer: most common cancer in age 20-35 yr old
  12. ectopic pregnancy: in Fallopian tubes
  13. gestational diabetes: diabetes mellitus associated with pregnancy
  1. oxytocin: targets smooth muscle or the uterus, stimulates contractions, mam- mary glands (milk production), prostate gland ( ejection of secretions)
  2. parathyroid gland: regulates circulating levels of both calcium and phosphate.
  3. pancreas: associated with somatostatin, glucagon and insulin. cells are locat- ed in islets of langerhans or pancreatic islets
  4. somatostatin: secreted by delta cells of pancreas, inhibits secretion of glucagon & insulin
  5. glucagon: secreted by alpha cells in the islets of pancreas
  6. insulin: secreted by beta cells of pancreas
  7. graves disease: most common for hyperthyroidism
  8. hyperthyroidism: calcium levels rise. phosphate levels fall
  9. hypergonadism: hyper-function of the gonads. abnormally high levels of testosterone or estrogen, manifests as precocious puberty.
  10. cushing's syndrome: occurs when your body is exposed to high levels of the hormone cortisol for a long time. AKA hyper-cortisolism, can be caused by oral corticosteroid medication. can happen from body making too much cortisol on its own
  11. myexdema: occurs as a result of long-standing, undiagnosed, or under treated

hypothyroidism and is usually precipitated by a systemic illness

  1. Addison's disease: insufficient production of certain hormones by adrenal glands. too little cortisol. insufficient levels of aldosterone as well
  2. simple goiter: iodine deficiency
  3. thyroid cancer: unknown. possible family hx, exposure to high levels to radia- tion, certain hereditary syndromes. papillary, follicular, medullary (MTC) & anaplastic
  4. Crohn's: chronic inflammatory disease of the intestines. causes ulcerations of small and large intestines, can affect the digestive system anywhere from mouth to anus
  5. Cushing's: exposed to high levels of cortisol. AKA hypercortisolism.
  6. Conn's: excess production of the hormone aldosterone by the adrenal glands resulting in low rennin levels. few symptoms. most have elevated BP causing poor vision or headaches

infections)

  1. Parkinson's disease: related to reduced levels of dopamine and norepineph- rine
  2. uvea: provides nutrients and O2 to the inner most layer of the eyeball (retina)
  3. Sclera: visible white part of eye is composed of
  4. retina: inner and posterior layer. contains light sensitive nerve endings (photo receptors)
  5. conjunctiva: superficial covering of the sclera
  6. amsler: grid used to help detect macular degeneration
  7. ophthalmoscope: tool used for eye exam (funduscopy)
  8. Meniere's: disorder of the inner ear that causes episodes of vertigo and tinnitus
  9. Snellen chart: eye chart for visual acuity
  10. diabetic retinopathy: high blood glucose level cause damage to blood ves- sels in the retina
  1. cataracts: clouding of the eyes natural lens
  2. retinal detachment: when the retina at the back of the eye pulls away from the layer of blood vessels that provides O2 & nutrients
  3. glaucoma: group of diseases that damage the optic nerve
  4. Otoscope: allows visualization of the auditory canal and tympanic membrane
  5. presbycusis: most common type of sensorineural hearing loss caused by the natural aging. initially affects the ability to hear higher pitched sounds
  6. otitis: swimmers ear, inflammation of the ear drum
  7. Meniere's: vertigo, tinnitus
  8. Tinnitus: ringing of the ears
  9. presbycusis: most common type hearing loss among adults. hearing aid for auditory nerve
  10. otitis: may perforate the tympanic membrane
  11. Astigmatism: cornea with surface irregularities, blurry but recognizable im- ages
  12. presbyopia: eye cannot focus on close objects
  13. ossicles: maleus, stapes, incus

hopelessness, irritability, loss of interest in activities that used to cause pleasure insomnia, excessive sleep, change in appetite. more prevalent in women.

  1. histrionic: attention-seekers. need to be the center of attention. may act seductive or provocative to get attention. 2% adults
  2. antisocial: disregard for the safety of themselves and others. irresponsible and deceitful. no remorse for behavior. do things repeatedly that could be arrested for
  3. avoidant: hypersensitive to criticism & rejection. feel inadequate. shy and timid in social situations. avoid social interactions
  4. borderline: very impulsive, unstable interpersonal relationships, extreme moodiness. engage in suicidal behavior. 2% of adults
  5. schizotypal: have a hard time maintaining close relationships. cognitive or perceptual distortions as well.
  6. narcissistic: believe they are special and unique. exaggerate achievements. take advantage of others. lack of empathy. 1% of ppl in US
  7. dependent: need to be taken care of at all times. passive, needy, clingy behavior, helpless and uncomfortable alone
  8. paranoid: distrustful and suspicious. hard to get along with. they think that

everything that everyone is doing is bad or evil

  1. attention-deficit: inattention or hyperactivity. becomes noticeable in children
  2. schizophrenia: distorts how ppl think, act, & perceive reality & relate to others. hallucination, delusions, distorted speech & behavior. poor hygiene, lock of motivation & emotional expression
  3. obsessive-compulsive: plagued with thoughts and fear that cause them to preform ritualistic behaviors. children can be diagnosed, mostly adults @ 19
  4. bulimia: extreme over eating then vomiting, use of laxatives, exercising, or fasting. feeling shameful or disgusted. damaged gums, teeth, dehydration, intesti- nal distress. sores in their mouth
  5. ADHD: Use of dopamine and epinephrine medication
  6. osteoblasts: bone forming cells
  7. osteocytes: mature bone cells
  8. osteoclasts: bone reabsorbing cells
  9. osteomata: benign tumor. a piece of bone growing on another piece of bone
  1. myasthenia gravis: antibodies destroy acetylcholine or its receptors
  2. jaundice: bile accumulation in bile duct
  3. wheal: hive
  4. impetigo: bacterial infection that effects mainly children
  5. warts: caused by HPV
  6. tinea capitis: scalp ringworm
  7. tinea curis: jock itch
  8. tinea pedis: athletes foot
  9. tinea corporis: body ring worm
  10. urticaria: hives
  11. psoriasis: immune disease that causes raised, red, scaly patches on skin
  12. rosacea: facial redness
  13. eczema: skin red and itchy and inflamed
  1. melanoma: itchiness, tenderness, pain, changes in size and colors, changes in borders
  2. patients w/risk of pressure ulcers: turn every 2 hours
  3. acne: vitamin A included in treatment
  4. clotting factor: vitamin K is required for synthesis of clotting factors
  5. GFR: Flow rate of filtered fluid flowing through kidneys
  6. creatinine clearance: helps determine GFR. Comparison of creatinine in 24 hr urine and creatinine in blood.
  7. hypertensive kidney disease: damage to kidneys from chronic high BP.
  8. nephritic syndrome: develop kidney lesions