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Nice and well explained, Lecture notes of Political Theory

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam University Political Theory

Polity lectures very first crisp and updated

Typology: Lecture notes

2019/2020

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Polity – Laxmikanth

1. List of terms which haven’t been used in Constitution – federation, untouchability,

martial law, Budget, judicial review, contempt of court

2. Features unique to Constitution – Emergency

Chapter 01: Evolution of Constitution

1. Who first suggested a Constituent Assembly for Constitution of an independent

India?

2. Why was Regulating Act of 1773 important? (5)

3. What did Amending Act of 1781 (Act of Settlement) do? (GG vs SC)

4. List 3 features of Pitt’s Act 1874.

5. List 4 features of Charter Act 1833. Did Governor-General of India get exclusive

legislative powers for entire British India? (//final step towards centralization)

6. Why is Charter Act 1853 considered a significant constitutional landmark? Why? (4)

7. Which Act is known as ‘Act for Good Government of India’? Did it alter system of

government in a significant way?

8. Who was the first Viceroy of India?

9. Why is Indian Council Act of 1861 an important landmark in constitutional and

political history of India? (5)

10. Which 3 Indians were nominated to Lord Canning’s legislative council in 1862?

11. List 3 features of Indian Council Act of 1892

12. What changes did Morley-Minto reforms bring? (5)

13. Who was the 1st Indian to join Viceroy’s Executive Council and to what position?

14. What was the objective of Government of India Act of 1919? Who had initiated

these?

15. Give 3 main and 7 ancillary features of 1919 Act.

16. What were the recommendations of Simon Commission 1927? Where these to be

the basis for the 1935 Act?

17. What was Communal Award? Who had declared it?

18. What were the main features of Act of 1935? (5)

Chapter 02: Making of Constitution

1. When did INC first demand a Constituent Assembly?

2. Describe the provisions of Constituent Assembly as proposed by Cabinet Mission

Plan. (5)

3. How were members of CA to be elected? When were the elections held?

4. Name 2 important personalities of the time who were not part of Constituent

Assembly.

5. When was first meeting of CA held? Who was the President?

6. Who moved ‘Objectives Resolution’ in the CA? What was its purpose?

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Polity – Laxmikanth

1. List of terms which haven’t been used in Constitution – federation , untouchability , martial law, Budget, judicial review, contempt of court 2. Features unique to Constitution – Emergency Chapter 01: Evolution of Constitution

Who first suggested a Constituent Assembly for Constitution of an independent India?
Why was Regulating Act of 1773 important? (5)
What did Amending Act of 1781 (Act of Settlement) do? (GG vs SC)
List 3 features of Pitt’s Act 1874.
List 4 features of Charter Act 1833. Did Governor-General of India get exclusive legislative powers for entire British India? (//final step towards centralization)
Why is Charter Act 1853 considered a significant constitutional landmark? Why? (4)
Which Act is known as ‘Act for Good Government of India’? Did it alter system of government in a significant way?
Who was the first Viceroy of India?
Why is Indian Council Act of 1861 an important landmark in constitutional and political history of India? (5)
Which 3 Indians were nominated to Lord Canning’s legislative council in 1862?
List 3 features of Indian Council Act of 1892
What changes did Morley-Minto reforms bring? (5)
Who was the 1st^ Indian to join Viceroy’s Executive Council and to what position?
What was the objective of Government of India Act of 1919? Who had initiated these?
Give 3 main and 7 ancillary features of 1919 Act.
What were the recommendations of Simon Commission 1927? Where these to be the basis for the 1935 Act?
What was Communal Award? Who had declared it?
What were the main features of Act of 1935? (5) Chapter 0 2 : Making of Constitution
When did INC first demand a Constituent Assembly?
Describe the provisions of Constituent Assembly as proposed by Cabinet Mission Plan. (5)
How were members of CA to be elected? When were the elections held?
Name 2 important personalities of the time who were not part of Constituent Assembly.
When was first meeting of CA held? Who was the President?
Who moved ‘Objectives Resolution’ in the CA? What was its purpose?

Where does power and authority of sovereign India flow from?
What changes did Indian Independence Act make to position of Assembly? (3)
Who chaired the Assembly when it met as a legislative body?
How was first President of India elected?
When was the final session of Constituent Assembly? Did it continue beyond 26 January 1950?
Who was the chairman of Drafting Committee? How many members did it have?
When was 1st^ draft of Constitution published?
When was Constitution passed by CA? How many members signed it? How many articles & schedules did it contain?
Who is called ‘Father of Indian Constitution’ and ‘Modern Manu’?
How many sessions did Assembly meet for?
Did Constitution in full came in effect on 26 January 1950? Why was this date chosen?
When was ‘Purna Swaraj’ resolution adopted? When was it celebrated?
Did any Act from erstwhile British empire continue after commencement of Constitution?
What are major criticisms of Constituent Assembly? (4)
Which provinces and princely states had highest representation in Assembly? Chapter 0 3 : Salient Features of Constitution
Is Indian Constitution lengthiest in the world? Why is it so?
Which is the largest source for Indian Constitution? Country Features 1 British Parliamentary system, rule of law, single citizenship, privileges, bicameralism 2 USA Fundamental Rights, independent judiciary, judicial review, removal of SC/HC judges, office of VP 3 Ireland DPSP, method of election of President, nomination of RS members 4 Canada Strong center, advisory of SC 5 Australia Concurrent list, joint sitting 6 Weimar Suspension of FR during Emergency 7 USSR Fundamental Duties, ideal of justice in Preamble 8 France Republic, ideals of Liberty, Equality & Fraternity 9 South Africa Procedure for amendment of Constitution, election of RS members
How are constitutions considered rigid or flexible? How can India’s be classified?
Is Indian federation result of an agreement by the states? Can a state secede from the federation?
What is parliamentary system based upon? List some features of this model
Is Indian Parliament sovereign?
Do FRs operate as limitations on tyranny of the State? Are they absolute and sacrosanct?
Which part of Constitution seeks to establish a ‘welfare state’ in India?

What changes did North East Reorganization Act 1971 bring?
How did Sikkim become a state? Chapter 0 6 : Citizenship
Who are enemy aliens? What right do they not enjoy vs friendly aliens?
Which Fundamental Rights are denied to aliens?
Is a naturalized citizen eligible for office of President in India?
Does Constitution deal with problem of acquisition or loss of citizenship after its commencement? What is the remedy
Who was a citizen of India at commencement of constitution? (4)
Who has the power to make any provision wrt to acquisition or termination of citizenship?
What are the 5 ways Citizenship Act of 1955 prescribes by which citizenship can be acquired?
Can children of foreign diplomats and enemy aliens acquire Indian citizenship by birth?
What conditions need to be fulfilled to become citizen of India by registration?
Who is a person of Indian origin?
Do people need to take an oath of allegiance before they are registered as citizen of India?
What conditions need to be fulfilled to become citizen of India by naturalization? (5) Can India give unconditional citizenship to a person who has rendered distinguished service in certain fields?
How can citizens lose their citizenship? How can central govt deprive people of citizenship?
Can Parliament prescribe residence as a condition for certain employment in state/UT?
Is discrimination under article 15 prohibited under ground of residence?
Who is a person of Indian origin? Who are eligible? How can they become citizen?
Who is an overseas citizen of India? Who are eligible? How can they become citizen?
Do POI/OCI have political rights? Can they acquire agricultural/plantation land?
Which activities can they NOT undertake? Can OCI card allow you to apply for a driver’s license, PAN card or open a bank account in India?
When was PIO merged with OCI? Chapter 07: Fundamental Rights
True or false – Part III of Constitution is described as Magna Carta of India.
True or false – FR operate as limitations on tyranny of executive and arbitrary law of legislature.
True or false – Most FRs are available against arbitrary action of State
What FRs are available even during Emergency? Is there any qualification to it?
What is definition of State as under Article 12 for purposes of Part III?
True or false – Article 13 declares that constitutional amendment is not a law and cannot be challenged.

Explain – ‘equality before law’ and ‘equal protection of laws’ and ‘rule of law’.
True or false – In Indian system, constitution is result of rights of individuals as defined and enforced by courts of law
What are exceptions to ‘equality before law’. (4)
How does the word ‘only’ impact Article 15 and its applicability? Is this available against private individuals?
Who are people in ‘creamy layer’ category?
Who set up Mandal Commission? What were its recommendation? What changes did Narasimha Rao govt bring to it (2)? How did SC respond (5)?
True or false - person convicted of untouchability is disqualified for election to Parliament/State legislature.
Rights under Article 17 are available against private citizens?
Were National Awards – Bharat Ratna et al – ever abolished?
What provision does Article 18 make regarding titles?
Which right under Article 19 was repealed? When was it repealed? Are rights under Article 19 available against private individuals?
Where are reasonable restriction to Right to Freedom contained?
Do Indians have right to assembly peacefully and with arms? Can this be done on private property? Does this include right to strike?
Do Indians have the right to not to form or join an association? Is right to obtain recognition of association a Fundamental Right?
Can right to strike be controlled by an appropriate industrial law?
What are 2 reasonable restrictions under Freedom of Movement? Does this right also cover external movement?
Is State monopoly over a trade or business or service allowed under Freedom of Profession?
Explain – no ex-post facto law, no double jeopardy, no self incrimination. Are these available to foreigners?
Is no ex-post facto law valid on civil law or tax laws?
Is provision against double jeopardy available in proceedings against departmental or administrative authorities?
Does self-incrimination cover civil proceedings?
Can a person be deprived of his life or personal liberty? Explain Gopalan 1950 and Maneka 1978 cases.
How was Right to Education added to list of FRs? Does it cover higher or professional education? How did DPSP and FD change because of this?
Differentiate bw punitive and preventive detention.
Explain provisions under punitive detention (4). When do these apply?
Explain provisions under preventive detention (3). Laws on preventive detention can be made by both Center and State?
Is preventive detention unique to Indian Constitution?
The expression ‘traffic in human beings’ includes what all? (4)
Can State permit military or social service? Will this be contestable as Right against Exploitation?
Does Article 25 cover religious beliefs and religious practices? Are these available to foreigners?

Chapter 08: Directive Principles of State Policy

Where was the idea of DPSP borrowed from? Which are the articles related to it in Indian Constitution?
What can be considered as ‘Conscience of the Constitution’?
Describe some of the features of DPSP. How are they different from ‘Instrument of Instructions’ of Govt of India Act 1935?
What do Directive Principles aim to realize?
Has Constitution classified Directive Principles? If yes, briefly outline them.
How many DPSPs have been added by amendments? Identify them.
Who recommended that rights of individuals be divided into justiciable and non- justiciable? Why are DPSP non-justiciable?
Critically examine the Directive Principles. (4)
Discuss some SC judgments regarding conflict between FRs and DPSPs? ( Champakam Dorairajan, Golaknath, Kesavanandan Bharti, Minerva Mills)
Differentiate bw FRs and DPSPs (6 points) Chapter 09: Fundamental Duties
Are rights and duties of citizen correlative and inseparable? Where did we borrow it from?
Discuss the role of Swaran Singh Committee in enactment of Fundamental Duties. Which were the recommendations which were not incorporated?
Enumerate the list of Fundamental Duties (Article 51A). Which is the latest one?
Do FDs also apply to foreigners? Are they justiciable?
What is the criticism levelled at Fundamental Duties?
What is the significance of Fundamental Duties? (5 points)
Describe the observations of Verma Committee 1999 on Fundamental Duties. Chapter 10: Amendment of Constitution
Which article deals with powers of Parliament to amend Constitution and its procedure?
Can amendment be initiated in either house of parliament and state legislatures? Are there any exceptions? Does it require assent of President?
What type of majority is required for the bill to pass? Can a joint sitting be held to pass the bill?
In case of amending federal provisions, what else is required apart from special majority?
Can the President return the bill for reconsideration by parliament?
Which provisions can be amended by simple majority outside scope of Article 368? Name them.
Which provisions require special majority of the Parliament to be amended?
Which provisions require special majority + consent of states? (7) Is there a time limit and what if some states take no action?
Critically examine the amendment procedure.

Chapter 11: Basic Structure of the Constitution

What was the outcome of Shankari Prasad case 1951 and what was the particular emphasis on the word ‘law’ in Article 13?
How did SC reverse its previous judgments in Golak Nath 1967 case? What was the govt reaction to it?
How come Keshavananda Bharti case is considered to be a watershed moment for Indian Constitution and judiciary? What could be some elements of the basic structure? Chapter 12: Parliamentary System
Which articles deal with parliament system at center and states? On what basis are democratic govt classified into parliamentary or presidential?
Why is parliamentary govt known as responsible govt?
Explain some features of parliamentary govt?
What can be considered as the bedrock principle of parliamentary govt?
Does the executive enjoy the right to get legislature dissolved?
Explain some features of the presidential govt.
Why did India adopt parliamentary system? How is it different from Britain?
Is Indian Parliament sovereign and supreme? S. No. Parliamentary Presidential
Dual Executive (state and govt) Single executive (for state and govt)
Majority party rule Executive and legislature elected separately
Collective responsibility No responsibility
Political homogeneity May not exist
Double membership (also MP) Single membership
Fusion of powers Separation of powers Chapter 13: Federal System
On what basis are govt classified as federal or unitary? Define federal and unitary.
Compare features of federal and unitary govt.
Which are the first and oldest federation in the world?
Why the phrase ‘Union of India’ has been preferred to ‘Federation of States’? India’s federal system resembles which one more – USA or Canada?
Describe federal features of Indian Constitution
Describe unitary features of Indian Constitution. How has Constitution made Centre very strong?
Explain the Bommai 1994 SC case and its outcome. Chapter 14: Centre-State Relations

Are properties of Centre exempt from taxation by states? Can they be used for any purpose, including commercial? Does the same apply to corporations created by Centre?
Can Centre tax commercial operations of a state? Can it impose customs and excise duty on a state?
Are properties and income of local authorities within a state exempt from Central taxation?
What is the effect of national emergency on Centre-state financial relations? Till when does it continue?
What happens during financial emergency?
Describe some issues which have been a source of tension in Centre-state relations post independence?
Who chaired the 1st^ ARC and what were its major recommendations?
Which state appointed Rajamannar Committee? Who adopted Anandpur Sahib Resolution?
Name some important recommAendations of Sarkaria Commission 1983.
What were the important recommendations of Punchhi Commission 2007? Chapter 15: Inter-State Relations
What are the provisions with regard to inter-state comity?
What are the 2 important provisions under Article 262?
Which are the 2 laws enacted by Parliament for solving water disputes? Who establishes them?
Are inter-state water dispute tribunal ad hoc in nature? Is their decision final and binding? Can it be challenged in Supreme Court?
List the 8 water dispute tribunals and the year they were set up in.
Who sets up the Inter-State Council and where is the power to do so derived from? Is the advice of such a council binding?
How many Inter-State Councils have been established?
Who established Inter-State Council of 1990? Who is the chairman and members? How many times can it meet?
Who heads the Standing Committee of Council? When was it set up?
Can court of a state enforce laws of another state in civil cases?
Which article declares that trade, commerce and intercourse throughout territory of India shall be free? Describe some exceptions to it (4)
Can a bill to restrict free inter-state trade be introduced in state legislature?
Name the authority that Parliament has created to carry out the provisions under Article 301.
Are Zonal Councils statutory bodies? If yes, under what Act are the established? Are their decisions binding?
Who are the members of the Zonal Councils? Who are the advisors to it and do they have right to vote?
Who are the chairman and vice-chairman of the Zonal Councils?
Name 5 original Zonal Councils and the states in it.
When was the North East Zonal Council created? Does it have any additional functions than the rest?

Chapter 16: Emergency Provisions

Which articles provide for the Emergency provisions? What basically happens during Emergency wrt federal structure?
What are the grounds for ‘proclamation of Emergency’? Can it be proclaimed before the event? Can President issue different proclamations?
Differentiate bw external and internal emergency.
Can emergency be proclaimed because of ‘internal disturbances’?
Explain the process of declaration of emergency. Can Prime Minister alone advise the President to proclaim emergency?
What’s the role of two Houses of Parliament in case of proclamation of Emergency? What happens if Lok Sabha is dissolved in the meantime?
What kind of majority is needed to pass resolution approving Emergency? Was it originally so?
Can proclamation of Emergency be revoked by President without parliamentary approval?
Resolution of disapproval follows same procedure as proclamation? Explain.
Explain the effect of Emergency on Centre-state relations wrt executive, legislative and financial aspects.
Can the President issue ordinances on state subjects as well?
Can life of Lok Sabha be extended beyond its normal term?
Explain the provisions of Article 358 & 359 on Fundamental Rights when national emergency is in effect? How did 44th^ amendment affect these articles?
Give 7 points of distinction and 2 points of similarities for articles 358 & 359.
How many times has emergency been proclaimed? Mention the years.
President’s rule, state emergency, constitutional emergency – are proclaimed under which articles? Can President act without report from governor?
Explain the parliamentary approval and duration in case of President’s rule. What changes did 44th^ amendment bring?
What happens to state executive and legislature under President’s rule? Who passes the bills and budget?
Are laws made under President’s rule co-terminus with it? How is state High Court affected by President’s rule?
Can Parliament alone make laws from State List under National Emergency? Does the same apply in case of President’s rule?
Who revokes state emergency? Can Parliament or state legislature pass a resolution demanding the same?
Who called President’s rule a dead-letter of Constitution?
Explain the significance of Bommai case wrt state emergency under Article 356? Describe the situations where exercise of power under Article 356 could be proper or improper?
What are the grounds for declaring financial emergency? What are the parliamentary approvals and duration related to it?
Does financial emergency have a sunset clause? Does it require parliamentary approval? Proclamation President’s Rule Financial

Can President make ordinance on state list subjects? Can an ordinance abridge or take away FRs? Can it amend constitution?
In what situations can an ordinance lapse? (2) What is the maximum life of an ordinance? Are acts done under it valid until it is allowed to lapse?
Is power of President wrt ordinance withdrawal and promulgation discretionary?
Describe the cases in which President can grant pardons to people (3). Does the President sit as a court of appeal wrt pardons? Is it a judicial power or executive?
What are the 5 pardoning powers of President? PCR
Can a governor also grant pardons? Is the power same as the President?
Does the petitioner for mercy has right to oral hearing by President? Can this power be exercised independently or on advice of cabinet?
Does the President have any constitutional discretion? When can the President act on his discretion?
Give 3 cases of situational discretion of President? Does he have any constitutional discretion? Chapter 18: Vice-President
How is the V-P elected? Why the difference bw Presidential and V-P election?
What are the qualifications needed for election as Vice President? What is needed for nomination?
How many V-P have we had till date? How many served more than 1 term?
How can V-P be removed from his post? (2) What has Constitution laid down?
Does V-P continue to perform duties of RS when acting as President? Chapter 19: Prime Minister
What has Constitution laid down as procedure for selection of Prime Minister?
Does a Constitution require a person to prove his majority before getting appointed as Prime Minister?
Can PM be a member of any of the two houses?
Is the term of PM fixed?
What powers does PM enjoy as head of Council of Ministers, wrt President, wrt Parliament? Chapter 20: Council of Ministers
Which is the real executive authority in parliamentary system? Which are the articles which broadly define this power?
What are the constitutional provisions for Council of Ministers?
Which amendment added that council of ministers shall not exceed 15% of LS strength?
Which amendments made advice of CoM binding on President? Can the nature of advice so tendered enquired by any court?
Do Council of Ministers cease to hold office even after LS is dissolved?
True or false: any exercise of executive power without aid and advice will be unconstitutional under Article 74.

Does the minister who is member of one house allowed to speak and be part of proceedings of other house? Can he also vote?
How has Constitution provided for Deputy PM, ministers of state and deputy ministers?
Which is the fundamental principle underlying working of parliamentary system of government?
Do all ministers have to resign if LS passes no confidence motion against them?
Does the Constitution provide for a system of legal responsibility of a minister?
What are the 3 categories of ministers? Are parliamentary secretaries also part of council of ministers?
True or false: Cabinet definition is in Constitution and 3-tier council of ministers are defined in law
Differentiate bw council of ministers and cabinet ministers.
What is kitchen cabinet? Chapter 21: Cabinet Committees
Which articles has described them in the Constitution? What are their two types?
Are only cabinet ministers part of it?
Describe 4 important committees, their scope of work and their chair. Chapter 22: Parliament
What consists Parliament of India? (3)
Why is President an integral part of the Parliament?
What is composition of Rajya Sabha wrt sanctioned and current & elected and nominated? Which schedule deals with allocation of RS seats?
Which two UTs have representation in RS?
What is maximum strength of Lok Sabha – state, UTs and nominated?
When was voting age reduced and how?
Is representation to Anglo-Indian community permanent? Who are Anglo Indians?
How are seats for Lok Sabha divided bw states? Is it same for all states?
Why was allocation of seats in LS frozen till year 2000 at 1971 census level? What’s the current status? Which year population level is basis for delimitation of constituencies?
Can SC/ST candidates contest only seats reserved for them?
Where does India use single transferable vote system? (4) Why is this not applicable for Lok Sabha elections?
*When was RS first constituted? Is it a permanent body or can it be dissolved? What is term of office fixed by Constitution?
Can the President dissolve Lok Sabha before completion of 5 years and can this be challenged in a court?
What happens to LS in case of proclamation of Emergency? When is Lok Sabha finally dissolved automatically?
What are the qualifications laid down by Constitution and RPA 1951 for membership of Parliament?

Who is Leader of the House in Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha? How are they chosen? Do they have to be a minister?
Who is Leader of Opposition? How many seats leader of such a party must have?
Do Leaders of Opposition have statutory recognition? Are they equivalent to a cabinet minister?
Are offices of Leader of the House and Leader of Opposition mentioned in Constitution?
What’s the status of Whips in parliament? Do they have any constitutional or statutory recognition?
Who summons the houses of parliament to meet? How often do they have to meet?
Differentiate bw adjournment and prorogation (3) Can President prorogue House while it is in session?
What is adjournment sine die? When is it declared by the Speaker/Chairman?
How can Lok Sabha be dissolved? Is the dissolution by President revocable?
What happens to sundry bills, motions, resolutions, notices pending before the House? What happens to assurance pending before Committee on Govt Assurances?
What are the instances when bill does not lapse when LS is dissolved? (4)
What’s the quorum for LS and RS?
*Are the proceedings of the House deemed invalid in case of unauthorized voting/participation?
What are the rights of ministers & Attorney General wrt house proceedings?
Can a minister who is not a member of either house participate in house proceedings? (Hint: yes, why?)
Explain – a. lame duck session b. question hour (starred, unstarred, short notice) c. zero hour: is it a formal device or an innovation? Where is it mentioned?
What are motions? How are they initiated?
Explain – substantive motion, substitute, subsidiary and its types
How are closure motions initiated? Explain its types – simple, compartments, kangaroo, guillotine
What is – privilege motion, calling attention motion. What’s the difference in legality of zero hour and calling attention motion?
How many members need to support adjournment motion? Is it allowed in both houses? How long can the discussion on it last? What are some important restrictions on it?
How many members need to support no-confidence motion?
Differentiate bw censure motion and no-confidence motion.
When does President address the Parliament? How is this discussed in Parliament? Does it need to be passed in the House?
What is - point of order motion, half-an-hour discussion, short duration discussion, special mention (RS only). What is equivalent of special mention in RS?
What are resolutions? Can they be withdrawn by member who proposed it? Differentiate bw private member vs govt vs statutory resolutions.
How resolutions different from motions?
Who recommended scheme of Youth Parliament?

Differentiate bw private member bills and govt bills. How much notice is required for both?
What are the 5 stages in life of an ordinary bill? (First, Second, Third, Second, Assent)
What can constitute as First Reading of the bill?
Which articles govern money bills? What matters call for a money bill? What matters are excluded from it? (only such provisions)
Can money bill be introduced by a non-minister?
What are the financial bills? How many types are there? Explain them. Money bill Financial Bill (I) Financial Bills (II) Article 110 117(1) – Money bill + General

117 (3) – CFI

Introduction LS only LS only LS/RS President’s reco Yes Yes No RS role Doesn’t matter Amend/Reject Amend/Reject Joint sitting No Yes Yes Assent Give/withhold Give/withhold/return Give/withhold/return Exception * Moving amend other than for reduction /abolition of tax needs president’s approval in LS/RS

When does deadlock bw two houses arise? (3) For which bills joint sitting is not allowed?
What happens to a bill once President notifies his intention to summon a joint sitting?
What’s the chain of command at joint sitting? Does Chairman of Rajya Sabha preside over in any case?
Under whose rules joint sitting is governed LS or RS? What’s the quorum requirement?
Has joint sitting even been called for? What were those bills?
Can new amendments to bill be proposed at a joint sitting?
When was Railway Budget separated from General Budget (originally) and on whose recommendations?
Is budget laid before both the Houses?
Can a demand for grant be made without recommendation of President?
Can Parliament reduce or abolish or increase tax?
Who has the exclusive privilege of voting on grants – LS or RS?
What are the 2 types of expenditure in Budget? Do both have to be voted upon by Parliament?
Give examples of charged expenditure.
What are the stages in enactment of budget through Parliament? (6)
What are cut motions? How many are there?
How many days are allotted for voting of demands? What happens to remaining demands on last day?
How does Constitution allow money to be withdrawn from Consolidated Fund of India?

Do they have absolute free speech in the House?
Can they refuse to show up in court when House is in session?
What is contempt of the House and breach of privilege?
What are parliamentary privileges based on? (5)
What is doctrine of ‘sovereignty of parliament’? Is Indian parliament a sovereign body? Chapter 23: Parliamentary Committee
Does Constitution make specific provisions for parliamentary committee? How are these matters dealt with?
How is a parliamentary committee different from any others?
What are the 6 categories of standing committees?
What can be 2 categories of ad hoc committees? Joint committee on a bill is under purview of which type of committee?
What’s the number of members of consultative committees? What’s their term? Inquire Scrutinize & control Day-to-day Business House Keeping Petitions Govt Assurances Business Advisory General Purposes Privileges Subordinate Legislation Private Members Bill (not in RS) House Ethics Papers Laid on Table Rules Library (LS+RS) Welfare of SC/ST (LS+RS) Absence of Members (not in RS) JC on Salaries & allowances of members (LS+RS) Empowerment of Women (LS+RS) JC on Office of Profit (LS+RS) Chapter 24: Parliamentary Forums
When was first Parliamentary Forums constituted? How many are there today?
What’s the objective of the forums?
Can they encroach upon jurisdiction of standing committees of minister/dept?
Who is the President of the Forums? How many are under RS?
What’s the composition of these forums? What’s the term of the office? Chapter 25: Supreme Court
When was Supreme Court inaugurated? Did it replace apex court of the British?
Which act first gave single system of courts (integrated judiciary)?
Which articles deal with Supreme Court? How many SC judges are there? How many were there originally?

What’s the collegium system? How did it develop? Is recommendation of CJI binding on the govt?
When was it established that seniority alone will decide CJI of India?
What are the qualifications of a SC judge? What’s the minimum age?
What’s the tenure of the judge?
How are judges of SC removed? Describe the process. What are the 2 grounds?
Has any judge of SC been removed so far?
When is an ad hoc judge is appointed to SC? What’s the process?
Can a retired SC or HC judge act a judge of SC temporarily?
Who can decide to appoint another place as seat of Supreme Court?
What’s a Constitutional Bench?
How is independence of Supreme Court maintained? (6)
Is SC final interpreter and guardian/custodian of Constitution?
Does inter state water disputes come under original jurisdiction of SC? Recovery of damages by a state against center?
When does SC enjoy original jurisdiction? (3)
Who has a wider power of writs – HC or SC?
In which cases appellate jurisdiction of SC can be invoked by HC? (5)
Can SC grant itself a special leave to appeal from any judgment from any court or tribunal? Is this a discretionary power?
Which are 2 categories of matter under which President can seek advise of SC? Can SC refuse to give an opinion?
Who has power to issue contempt of courts? What’s the punishment?
What constitutes criminal contempt of court?
On which 3 grounds can legislative/executive can be challenged under judicial review?
Differentiate bw ‘due process of law’ and ‘procedure established by law’?
Is SC bound by its own judgment?
Differentiate bw Senior Advocates, Advocates-on-Record, Other Advocates. Who can designate advocates as senior? Chapter 26: Governor
What consists of state executive?
Why does office of governor have dual role?
Can a person be governor for 2 or more states?
Since governor is a nominee of central govt, is she under employment of central govt?
What are the only 2 qualifications for governorship? Are there any binding conventions?
Is governor immune from criminal proceedings even in personal acts? Can civil proceedings be initiated? (same as president)
Is term of Governor fixed or subject to pleasure of president?
How to remove a governor?
In which states Tribal Welfare Minister must be appointed? (4)
Does advocate general of state holds office during pleasure of governor?
Does he determine tenure of state election commissioner? yes

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117 (3) – CFI