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A set of questions and answers related to the common features, diagnosis, biological and psychological factors, and symptoms of various mental health disorders. It also covers the neurotransmitters and brain structures involved in these disorders, as well as the medications used to treat them. useful for students studying psychology, psychiatry, or neuroscience, as well as for healthcare professionals working in mental health.
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c) MDD is characterized by episodes of mild depression that last at least two months, while PDD is characterized by episodes of moderate depression that last at least six months. d) MDD is characterized by episodes of moderate depression that last at least six months, while PDD is characterized by episodes of mild depression that last at least two months. Answer: A. MDD is characterized by episodes of severe depression that last at least two weeks, during which the patient experiences depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure, changes in appetite or weight, insomnia or hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue or loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, difficulty concentrating or making decisions, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide. PDD is characterized by chronic low mood that lasts at least two years, during which the patient experiences at least two of the following symptoms: poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, and feelings of hopelessness.
inflammation, immune system dysregulation d) All of the above Answer: D. All of the above are possible biological factors that may contribute to the development of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia has a strong genetic component, with an estimated heritability of 80%. Prenatal infections, stress, malnutrition, and other environmental factors may increase the risk of schizophrenia by affecting brain development and maturation. Brain abnormalities in schizophrenia may include enlarged ventricles, reduced gray matter volume, and altered connectivity in various regions. Neurotransmitter imbalances in dopamine, glutamate, serotonin, and GABA may also play a role in schizophrenia symptoms. Additionally, schizophrenia may involve brain inflammation and immune system dysregulation, which may be triggered by infections, stress, or autoimmunity.
alterations in cognition and mood, and hyperarousal that last more than one month after the traumatic event, while ASD is characterized by similar symptoms that last from three days to one month after the traumatic event. d) PTSD is characterized by similar symptoms that last from three days to one month after the traumatic event, while ASD is characterized by persistent and intrusive symptoms of re-experiencing, avoidance, negative alterations in cognition and mood, and hyperarousal that last more than one month after the traumatic event. Answer: C. PTSD is characterized by persistent and intrusive symptoms of re-experiencing, avoidance, negative alterations in cognition and mood, and hyperarousal that last more than one month after the traumatic event. Re-experiencing symptoms include recurrent and distressing memories, nightmares, flashbacks, or emotional and physical reactions to reminders of the trauma. Avoidance symptoms include avoiding thoughts, feelings, people, places, or activities associated with the trauma. Negative alterations in cognition and mood include distorted beliefs about oneself or others, blaming oneself or others for the trauma, negative emotions such as fear, anger,
guilt, or shame, diminished interest or participation in activities, detachment or estrangement from others, or inability to experience positive emotions. Hyperarousal symptoms include irritability or aggression, reckless or self-destructive behavior, hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response, difficulty concentrating or sleeping, or increased arousal in response to reminders of the trauma. ASD is characterized by similar symptoms that last from three days to one month after the traumatic event.
b) Antidepressants, anxiolytics, stimulants c) Antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics d) All of the above Answer: D. All B:
Rationale: The amygdala is responsible for processing emotions, especially fear, and is often hyperactive in individuals with anxiety disorders.
executive functions, such as decision-making and impulse control. Impairments in this region are commonly observed in individuals with substance use disorders, leading to difficulty in overcoming addictive behaviors.