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Anatomy of the Spinal Cord and Nervous System: Terms and Definitions, Quizzes of Biology

Definitions for various terms related to the anatomy of the spinal cord and nervous system, including the spinal cord's structure, white and gray matter, tracts, spinal nerves, and reflexes.

Typology: Quizzes

2009/2010

Uploaded on 10/16/2010

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TERM 1
Spinal Cord: Cauda Equina
DEFINITION 1
Definition: Lowest portion of of spinal cord
TERM 2
Spinal Cord: 2 conspicuous enlargements;
Cervical enlargement
DEFINITION 2
contains nerves supplying upper limbs
TERM 3
Spinal Cord: 2 conspicuous enlargements;
Lumbar enlargement
DEFINITION 3
Contains nerves supplying lower limbs
TERM 4
Spinal Cord: 2 grooves
DEFINITION 4
1. Deep Anterior Median Fissure 2. Shallow Posterior median
Sulcus (both divide the spinal chord into right and left halves)
TERM 5
Gray matter
DEFINITION 5
contains neurons, neuroglia, unmyelinated axons, and
dendrites)
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Spinal Cord: Cauda Equina

Definition: Lowest portion of of spinal cord TERM 2

Spinal Cord: 2 conspicuous enlargements;

Cervical enlargement

DEFINITION 2 contains nerves supplying upper limbs TERM 3

Spinal Cord: 2 conspicuous enlargements;

Lumbar enlargement

DEFINITION 3 Contains nerves supplying lower limbs TERM 4

Spinal Cord: 2 grooves

DEFINITION 4

  1. Deep Anterior Median Fissure 2. Shallow Posterior median Sulcus (both divide the spinal chord into right and left halves) TERM 5

Gray matter

DEFINITION 5 contains neurons, neuroglia, unmyelinated axons, and dendrites)

Anterior (Ventral) Gray Horns

Contains cell bodies of somatic motor neurons 1. Provide impulses that contract skeletal muscles TERM 7

White Matter

DEFINITION 7 Anterior, lateral, and posterior white columns TERM 8

Tracts

DEFINITION 8 distinct bundles of axons having a common origin or destination and carrying similar information TERM 9

Sensory (ascending) tracts

DEFINITION 9 consists of axons that conduct impulses toward the brain TERM 10

Motor (descending)

tracts

DEFINITION 10 consists of axons that conduct impulses down the brain

White Matter

white matter serves as a highway for nerve impulse conduction 1. The route that the nerve impulse follows from a neuron in one part of the body to other neurons is called a pathway TERM 17

Gray Matter

DEFINITION 17 receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information and is a sight for integration of reflexes TERM 18

Reflex

DEFINITION 18 a fast involuntary sequence of actions that occurs in response to a particular stimulus TERM 19

Reflexes: Withdrawal reflex

DEFINITION 19 inborn reflexes TERM 20

Reflexes: Spinal Reflex

DEFINITION 20 when integration takes place in the spinal cord

Reflexes: Reflex arc

pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce this reflex TERM 22

Reflexes: Patellar reflex

DEFINITION 22 knee reflex TERM 23

SPINAL NERVE AND COVERINGS: Points of

Attachment

DEFINITION 23 posterior root ( sensory axons) and anterior root (motor axons) the 2 roots unite to form t a spinal nerve at the vertebral foramen TERM 24

Nerves: Mixed Nerve

DEFINITION 24 Spinal nerve with sensory and motor neurons TERM 25

Axons

DEFINITION 25 Each is wrapped in endoneurium 1. Groups of axons with their endoneurium are arrange in bundles called fascicles 2. Each of which are wrapped in perineurium 3. Superficial covering of entire nerve is epineurium

Subarachnoid space

In the central nervous system, the subarachnoid cavity (subarachnoid space) is the interval between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater. TERM 32

Blood-brain barrier

DEFINITION 32 protects brains cells 4m being harmed by preventing many of the substances from the blood into the brainclear colorless liquid that carriers oxygen, glucose and other chemical from blood to neurons and neuroglia. It also removes wastes and toxic substances produced by brain and spinal cord cells TERM 33

Cerebrospinal Fluid

DEFINITION 33 clear colorless liquid that carriers oxygen, glucose and other chemical from blood to neurons and neuroglia. It also removes wastes and toxic substances produced by brain and spinal cord cells Production in choroid plexuses TERM 34

Arachnoid villi

DEFINITION 34 reabsorbs CSF fluid TERM 35

Brain Stem: Medulla oblongata

DEFINITION 35 Forms inferior part of brain stem and is continuation of spinal cord

Cardiovascular Center

regulation of the rate at which the heart beats. TERM 37

Medullary Rhythmicity Area

DEFINITION 37 Adjust rhythm of breathing. Also controls reflex actions such as vomiting, sneezing, coughing, and swallowing TERM 38

Pons

DEFINITION 38 A bridge that connects parts of the brain with another by making connections with bundles of axons. Come connect the right and left sides of cerebellum Some nuclei control voluntary movements while others control breathing TERM 39

Midbrain

DEFINITION 39 connects the pons to the diencephalon III. Also has red nucleus which looks reddish since its rich in blood. Axons from cerbellum and cerebral cortex form synapses in here to coordinate muscle movements TERM 40

Cerebral Peduncles

DEFINITION 40 Anterior part of large tracts of midbrain

4 major Parts of brain: Cerebrum: Occipital

Lobe

Allows you to see TERM 47

4 major parts of brain: Cerebrum: Temporal

Lobe

DEFINITION 47 Allows you to hear and remember TERM 48

Gyrus

DEFINITION 48 Hills; convolutions of cerebrum TERM 49

Sulcus

DEFINITION 49 (valleys) grooves of cerebrum TERM 50

Cerebrum

DEFINITION 50 consists of 2 hemispheres

4 major parts of brain: Cerebellum

helps one maintain balance and coordinates muscle movements TERM 52

4 major parts of Brain: Diencephalon

DEFINITION 52 superior portion of brain stem TERM 53

4 Major Parts of brain: Diencephalon:

Thalamus

DEFINITION 53 Walls and roof of 3rd ventricle. Relay station for sensory impluses that are going to cerebrum TERM 54

4 major parts of brain: Diencephalon:

Hypothalamus

DEFINITION 54 floor of 3rd vetricle. Controls endochrin gland secretion (hormone), blood vessel diameters, and body tem TERM 55

4 major parts of brain: Diencephalon:

Hippocampus

DEFINITION 55 Connected to Thalamus; sends memories to cerebral hemisphere for long-term storage and retrieving when necessary

Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway

The posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway (dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway, dorsal white column- medial lemniscus system) is the sensory pathway responsible for transmitting fine touch, vibration and conscious proprioceptive information from the body to the cerebral cortex. TERM 62

Spinothalamic pathway

DEFINITION 62

  1. anterior spinothalamic tract and lateral spinothalamic tract release impulses for pain, thermal, tickle, and itch TERM 63

Somatic motor pathways

DEFINITION 63 control movement converge on neurons known as lower motor neurons TERM 64

hemispheric lateralization

DEFINITION 64 A longitudinal fissure separates the human brain into two distinct cerebral hemispheres, connected by the corpus callosum. TERM 65

Memory

DEFINITION 65 process by which information acquired through learning is stored and retrieved

Brain waves

Neurons are generating millions of nerve impulses that together are called brain waves Preganglionic and postganglionic TERM 67

Autonomic Sensory Neurons

DEFINITION 67 Monitor internal conditions has 3 motor neurons regulate ongoing the activities such as cardiac muscle (heart beats), and they still function even though their nerve supply can be damaged. TERM 68

Preganglionic

DEFINITION 68 1st axon that synapses with postganglionic axon TERM 69

Somatic System

DEFINITION 69 Helps with voluntary movements TERM 70

Sympathetic Division

DEFINITION 70 outflow of nerve impulses comes from the cranial nerve nuclei and sacral segments of sc III. Exit the sacral sc in anterior roots of the second through 4th sacral nerves

Corpuscle

A. Each corpuscle is an egg shaped mass of dendrites enclosed by a capsule of connective tissue TERM 77

Hair root plexuses

DEFINITION 77 consists of free nerve endings wrapped around hair follicles in hairy skin. The detect movements on skin that disturbs hair TERM 78

2 types of slowly adapting touch sensors:

Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors

DEFINITION 78

  1. Nerve endings that contact Merkel cells of the stratum basale TERM 79

2 types of slowly adapting touch sensors:

Type 2 cutaneous mechanoreceptors

DEFINITION 79 Type 2 cutaneous mechanoreceptors TERM 80

Pressure and Vibration: Lamellated

Corpuscles

DEFINITION 80 multilayered connective tissue capsule that encloses a nerve ending

Vibration

II. Vibration is a result of rapidly repetitive sensory signals from tactile receptors; receptors lamellated corpuscles TERM 82

Itch

DEFINITION 82 stimulation of free nerve endings by certain chemicals such as bradykinin often as a result of a local inflammatory response; lamellated corpuscles TERM 83

Pain Sensations

DEFINITION 83 Sensory receptors for pain are nociceptors and they free nerve endings that are found almost in every tissue of the body except for the brain, and they respond to several types of stimuli lack of adaptation TERM 84

Referred pain

DEFINITION 84 Where the damage is TERM 85

Two types of pain: Fast pain

DEFINITION 85 rapidly within .1 seconds after the stimulus is applied

Eyeball is divided into 3 layers: fibrous tunic

outer coat Cornea fibrous transparent tissue that covers the colored part of eye. Helps focus light rays to retina has sclera (white part) and conjunctiva TERM 92

Conjunctiva

DEFINITION 92 covers the anterior surface of the eyeball and lines the inner surface of eyelids TERM 93

Eyeball is divided into 3 layers: Vascular

Tunic: Chloroid

DEFINITION 93 thin membrane that lines most of internal surface of sclera and has many blood cells 2 nourish retina TERM 94

Eyeball is divided into 3 layers: Vascular

Tunic: Iris

DEFINITION 94 colored part of the eyeball TERM 95

Eyeball is divided into 3 layers: Retina divided

in 2 layers: Neural Layer

DEFINITION 95 Multilayered outlier of the brain

Eyeball is divided into 3 layers: Retina divided

in 2 layers: Photoreceptor Layer

has rods which allow u to see shades of gray in dim light. Cones are highly concentrated in central fovea, a small depression in the macla lutea, allows you to have higly acute color vision by letting you see brigh colors TERM 97

Interior Of eyeball: lens divide into 2 cavities

called: A. Anterior cavity

DEFINITION 97 is filled with acqueous humor, a watery fluid similar to cerebrospinal fluid TERM 98

Interior Of eyeball: lens divide into 2 cavities

called:

DEFINITION 98 jellylike substance called the vitreous body; help prevent eye from collapsing and jellylike substance called the vitreous body TERM 99

Intraocular pressure

DEFINITION 99 maintains the shape of the eyeball and keeps the retina smoothly pressed against the choroid so its well nourished and forms clear images TERM 100

refraction

DEFINITION 100 I. When light rays traveling through a transparent substance pass into a second transparent substance with a different density they bend at the junction between the two substances. The bending is called refraction,