Download Anatomy of the Spinal Cord and Nervous System: Terms and Definitions and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
Spinal Cord: Cauda Equina
Definition: Lowest portion of of spinal cord TERM 2
Spinal Cord: 2 conspicuous enlargements;
Cervical enlargement
DEFINITION 2 contains nerves supplying upper limbs TERM 3
Spinal Cord: 2 conspicuous enlargements;
Lumbar enlargement
DEFINITION 3 Contains nerves supplying lower limbs TERM 4
Spinal Cord: 2 grooves
DEFINITION 4
- Deep Anterior Median Fissure 2. Shallow Posterior median Sulcus (both divide the spinal chord into right and left halves) TERM 5
Gray matter
DEFINITION 5 contains neurons, neuroglia, unmyelinated axons, and dendrites)
Anterior (Ventral) Gray Horns
Contains cell bodies of somatic motor neurons 1. Provide impulses that contract skeletal muscles TERM 7
White Matter
DEFINITION 7 Anterior, lateral, and posterior white columns TERM 8
Tracts
DEFINITION 8 distinct bundles of axons having a common origin or destination and carrying similar information TERM 9
Sensory (ascending) tracts
DEFINITION 9 consists of axons that conduct impulses toward the brain TERM 10
Motor (descending)
tracts
DEFINITION 10 consists of axons that conduct impulses down the brain
White Matter
white matter serves as a highway for nerve impulse conduction 1. The route that the nerve impulse follows from a neuron in one part of the body to other neurons is called a pathway TERM 17
Gray Matter
DEFINITION 17 receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information and is a sight for integration of reflexes TERM 18
Reflex
DEFINITION 18 a fast involuntary sequence of actions that occurs in response to a particular stimulus TERM 19
Reflexes: Withdrawal reflex
DEFINITION 19 inborn reflexes TERM 20
Reflexes: Spinal Reflex
DEFINITION 20 when integration takes place in the spinal cord
Reflexes: Reflex arc
pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce this reflex TERM 22
Reflexes: Patellar reflex
DEFINITION 22 knee reflex TERM 23
SPINAL NERVE AND COVERINGS: Points of
Attachment
DEFINITION 23 posterior root ( sensory axons) and anterior root (motor axons) the 2 roots unite to form t a spinal nerve at the vertebral foramen TERM 24
Nerves: Mixed Nerve
DEFINITION 24 Spinal nerve with sensory and motor neurons TERM 25
Axons
DEFINITION 25 Each is wrapped in endoneurium 1. Groups of axons with their endoneurium are arrange in bundles called fascicles 2. Each of which are wrapped in perineurium 3. Superficial covering of entire nerve is epineurium
Subarachnoid space
In the central nervous system, the subarachnoid cavity (subarachnoid space) is the interval between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater. TERM 32
Blood-brain barrier
DEFINITION 32 protects brains cells 4m being harmed by preventing many of the substances from the blood into the brainclear colorless liquid that carriers oxygen, glucose and other chemical from blood to neurons and neuroglia. It also removes wastes and toxic substances produced by brain and spinal cord cells TERM 33
Cerebrospinal Fluid
DEFINITION 33 clear colorless liquid that carriers oxygen, glucose and other chemical from blood to neurons and neuroglia. It also removes wastes and toxic substances produced by brain and spinal cord cells Production in choroid plexuses TERM 34
Arachnoid villi
DEFINITION 34 reabsorbs CSF fluid TERM 35
Brain Stem: Medulla oblongata
DEFINITION 35 Forms inferior part of brain stem and is continuation of spinal cord
Cardiovascular Center
regulation of the rate at which the heart beats. TERM 37
Medullary Rhythmicity Area
DEFINITION 37 Adjust rhythm of breathing. Also controls reflex actions such as vomiting, sneezing, coughing, and swallowing TERM 38
Pons
DEFINITION 38 A bridge that connects parts of the brain with another by making connections with bundles of axons. Come connect the right and left sides of cerebellum Some nuclei control voluntary movements while others control breathing TERM 39
Midbrain
DEFINITION 39 connects the pons to the diencephalon III. Also has red nucleus which looks reddish since its rich in blood. Axons from cerbellum and cerebral cortex form synapses in here to coordinate muscle movements TERM 40
Cerebral Peduncles
DEFINITION 40 Anterior part of large tracts of midbrain
4 major Parts of brain: Cerebrum: Occipital
Lobe
Allows you to see TERM 47
4 major parts of brain: Cerebrum: Temporal
Lobe
DEFINITION 47 Allows you to hear and remember TERM 48
Gyrus
DEFINITION 48 Hills; convolutions of cerebrum TERM 49
Sulcus
DEFINITION 49 (valleys) grooves of cerebrum TERM 50
Cerebrum
DEFINITION 50 consists of 2 hemispheres
4 major parts of brain: Cerebellum
helps one maintain balance and coordinates muscle movements TERM 52
4 major parts of Brain: Diencephalon
DEFINITION 52 superior portion of brain stem TERM 53
4 Major Parts of brain: Diencephalon:
Thalamus
DEFINITION 53 Walls and roof of 3rd ventricle. Relay station for sensory impluses that are going to cerebrum TERM 54
4 major parts of brain: Diencephalon:
Hypothalamus
DEFINITION 54 floor of 3rd vetricle. Controls endochrin gland secretion (hormone), blood vessel diameters, and body tem TERM 55
4 major parts of brain: Diencephalon:
Hippocampus
DEFINITION 55 Connected to Thalamus; sends memories to cerebral hemisphere for long-term storage and retrieving when necessary
Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway
The posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway (dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway, dorsal white column- medial lemniscus system) is the sensory pathway responsible for transmitting fine touch, vibration and conscious proprioceptive information from the body to the cerebral cortex. TERM 62
Spinothalamic pathway
DEFINITION 62
- anterior spinothalamic tract and lateral spinothalamic tract release impulses for pain, thermal, tickle, and itch TERM 63
Somatic motor pathways
DEFINITION 63 control movement converge on neurons known as lower motor neurons TERM 64
hemispheric lateralization
DEFINITION 64 A longitudinal fissure separates the human brain into two distinct cerebral hemispheres, connected by the corpus callosum. TERM 65
Memory
DEFINITION 65 process by which information acquired through learning is stored and retrieved
Brain waves
Neurons are generating millions of nerve impulses that together are called brain waves Preganglionic and postganglionic TERM 67
Autonomic Sensory Neurons
DEFINITION 67 Monitor internal conditions has 3 motor neurons regulate ongoing the activities such as cardiac muscle (heart beats), and they still function even though their nerve supply can be damaged. TERM 68
Preganglionic
DEFINITION 68 1st axon that synapses with postganglionic axon TERM 69
Somatic System
DEFINITION 69 Helps with voluntary movements TERM 70
Sympathetic Division
DEFINITION 70 outflow of nerve impulses comes from the cranial nerve nuclei and sacral segments of sc III. Exit the sacral sc in anterior roots of the second through 4th sacral nerves
Corpuscle
A. Each corpuscle is an egg shaped mass of dendrites enclosed by a capsule of connective tissue TERM 77
Hair root plexuses
DEFINITION 77 consists of free nerve endings wrapped around hair follicles in hairy skin. The detect movements on skin that disturbs hair TERM 78
2 types of slowly adapting touch sensors:
Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors
DEFINITION 78
- Nerve endings that contact Merkel cells of the stratum basale TERM 79
2 types of slowly adapting touch sensors:
Type 2 cutaneous mechanoreceptors
DEFINITION 79 Type 2 cutaneous mechanoreceptors TERM 80
Pressure and Vibration: Lamellated
Corpuscles
DEFINITION 80 multilayered connective tissue capsule that encloses a nerve ending
Vibration
II. Vibration is a result of rapidly repetitive sensory signals from tactile receptors; receptors lamellated corpuscles TERM 82
Itch
DEFINITION 82 stimulation of free nerve endings by certain chemicals such as bradykinin often as a result of a local inflammatory response; lamellated corpuscles TERM 83
Pain Sensations
DEFINITION 83 Sensory receptors for pain are nociceptors and they free nerve endings that are found almost in every tissue of the body except for the brain, and they respond to several types of stimuli lack of adaptation TERM 84
Referred pain
DEFINITION 84 Where the damage is TERM 85
Two types of pain: Fast pain
DEFINITION 85 rapidly within .1 seconds after the stimulus is applied
Eyeball is divided into 3 layers: fibrous tunic
outer coat Cornea fibrous transparent tissue that covers the colored part of eye. Helps focus light rays to retina has sclera (white part) and conjunctiva TERM 92
Conjunctiva
DEFINITION 92 covers the anterior surface of the eyeball and lines the inner surface of eyelids TERM 93
Eyeball is divided into 3 layers: Vascular
Tunic: Chloroid
DEFINITION 93 thin membrane that lines most of internal surface of sclera and has many blood cells 2 nourish retina TERM 94
Eyeball is divided into 3 layers: Vascular
Tunic: Iris
DEFINITION 94 colored part of the eyeball TERM 95
Eyeball is divided into 3 layers: Retina divided
in 2 layers: Neural Layer
DEFINITION 95 Multilayered outlier of the brain
Eyeball is divided into 3 layers: Retina divided
in 2 layers: Photoreceptor Layer
has rods which allow u to see shades of gray in dim light. Cones are highly concentrated in central fovea, a small depression in the macla lutea, allows you to have higly acute color vision by letting you see brigh colors TERM 97
Interior Of eyeball: lens divide into 2 cavities
called: A. Anterior cavity
DEFINITION 97 is filled with acqueous humor, a watery fluid similar to cerebrospinal fluid TERM 98
Interior Of eyeball: lens divide into 2 cavities
called:
DEFINITION 98 jellylike substance called the vitreous body; help prevent eye from collapsing and jellylike substance called the vitreous body TERM 99
Intraocular pressure
DEFINITION 99 maintains the shape of the eyeball and keeps the retina smoothly pressed against the choroid so its well nourished and forms clear images TERM 100
refraction
DEFINITION 100 I. When light rays traveling through a transparent substance pass into a second transparent substance with a different density they bend at the junction between the two substances. The bending is called refraction,
