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NERC RC Final Exam | Actual Questions and Answers Latest Updated
2025 /202 6 (Graded A+)
What is ACE? - ✔✔(NIa - NIs) - 10β(fa - fs) - Ime Calculated every 6 seconds Uses Tie line Frequency Bias What is Tie line deviation? - ✔✔Largest offset to ACE What is NIA? - ✔✔Net Interchange Actual (sum of all tie-line values) What is NIS? - ✔✔Net Interchange Scheduled (sum of all interchange schedules) What is the multiplier for frequency bias? - ✔✔ 10 What is β? - ✔✔Frequency bias - represented as negative number in ACE calculation - reflects area natural response to frequency changes (Inertia, Governor, Load) - atleast 1% of annual peak load for areas with native load - 1% of peak generation output for area with no load What is FA? - ✔✔Frequency Actual What is FS? - ✔✔Frequency Schedule - normally 60.00 HZ except for time corrections - +/- .02 Hz What is IME? - ✔✔Meter error fudge factor used for inadvertent bilateral payback Negligible
What should be done if unable to calculate ACE for 30 minutes? - ✔✔Contact RC How often should time error and frequency devices be checked/calibrated? - ✔✔Annually Negative Ace - ✔✔The BA is Undergenerating Positve ACE - ✔✔The BA is Overgenerating What happens during Internal Loss of Load? - ✔✔Frequency and ACE increase. What happens during External Loss of Load? - ✔✔Frequency increases, no change in ACE. What is the Frequency Bias Setting? - ✔✔Monthly average >= 1% of estimated yearly peak demand per 0.1 Hz When should the Balancing Authority recalculate its Frequency Bias Setting? - ✔✔By January 1 of each year What happens when there is internal generation loss? - ✔✔Frequency and ACE drop, tie-line flows increase into the system What happens when there is external generation loss? - ✔✔Frequency drops, no change in ACE, net tie- line flows increase out of the system What happens when Frequency bias setting is lower than frequency response? - ✔✔ACE will be positive causing the AGC to lower generation What is the percentage change in load required for a 1% change in frequency? - ✔✔1% - 2% change in load
When does time error correction start? - ✔✔On the hour or half-hour What are the standards for time error correction? - ✔✔NAESB standards (North American Energy Standards Board) Who can request a termination? - ✔✔Any Reliability Coordinator What is the notification time to start or stop a time error schedule? - ✔✔ 60 minutes What is Tie-line Bias? - ✔✔Uses tie-line and frequency data When is Flat Frequency used? - ✔✔Used when tie-line data is unavailable Typically during islanded situations When is Flat Tie-line used? - ✔✔When frequency data is unavailable Typically during restoration situation What should be done if AGC becomes inoperative? - ✔✔Use manual control to maintain Net Scheduled Interchange What is ISN Data? - ✔✔Data updated every 10 minutes How often is ACE calculated - ✔✔Every 6 seconds What is SOL / IROL correction time? - ✔✔Correction time < 30 minutes What is the compliance score for DCS? - ✔✔100% minimum compliance score
What is the compliance score for CPS 1? - ✔✔100% minimum compliance score What is the compliance score for CPS 2? - ✔✔90% minimum compiance score What is the Disturbance Recovery Period? - ✔✔Time to restore ACE to pre-disturbance value. 15 minutes What is a Reportable Disturbance? - ✔✔Disturbance that exceeds 80% of MSSC. What is the Penalty for not meeting recovery requirements? - ✔✔Carry additional reserve for next quarter. How are multiple contingencies treated? - ✔✔As a single contingency, if they occure within 1 minute of each other What is Spinning Reserve? - ✔✔Synchronized generation that can be online and spinning in 15 minutes What is Quick-start? - ✔✔Off-line generation synchronized in 15 minutes What is Removable or Interruptible Load? - ✔✔Load that can be removed or interrupted What are Contingency & Operating Reserves? - ✔✔DCS reserves for emergencies What is Regulating Reserve? - ✔✔CPS for normal operations What is the time frame for DOE Reporting Initial report? - ✔✔ 60 minutes What is the time frame for DOE Reporting Final report? - ✔✔ 48 hours
Who can Issue Energy Emergency Alerts? - ✔✔RC Where are Energy Emergency Alerts posted? - ✔✔RCIS What is EEA 2? - ✔✔Anticipate lack of ability to meet demand What is RCIS? - ✔✔Reliability Coordinator's Information System What happens when a Reliability Coordinator issues an EEA? - ✔✔Notification is made to all Balancing Authorities and Transmission Providers in its area What is the purpose of conference calls between Reliability Coordinators? - ✔✔To communicate system conditions Who should be notified when the alert is over? - ✔✔All Reliability Coordinators What should emergency plans dealing with energy and capacity shortages include? - ✔✔Fuel supply and inventory, optimizing fuel supply, and environmental constraints What are Imbalance Conditions? - ✔✔When total generation and total load do not match. What is Over-generation? - ✔✔When total generation is greater than total load. What is Frequency in Imbalance Conditions? - ✔✔When frequency is greater than 60 Hz or less than 60 Hz. What is Inadvertent out of area increases? - ✔✔When there is an unexpected increase in power flow out of an area.
What is ACE in Imbalance Conditions? - ✔✔Automatic Control Error, which should be zero. What is Under-generation? - ✔✔When total generation is less than total load. What is Inadvertent into area increases? - ✔✔When there is an unexpected increase in power flow into an area. What is SOL/IROL? - ✔✔ 30 min correction, 60 min submit tag What is Tag creation? - ✔✔PSE serving load responsible, but any can do it Who receives the submitted tag? - ✔✔Sink BA Who confirms the tag? - ✔✔Receiving BA Who implements the tag? - ✔✔All BAs along the path Who cancels or terminates the tag? - ✔✔Sink BA What is the Source in an Interchange Transaction? - ✔✔Area where generation is located What is the Sink in an Interchange Transaction? - ✔✔Area where load is located What is the direction of Sending in an Interchange Transaction? - ✔✔Source 🡪 Sink What is the direction of Source 🡪 Receiving in an Interchange Transaction? - ✔✔Agreement to transfer energy from a seller to a buyer that crosses one or more Balancing Authority Area boundaries
What should be confirmed by Receiving Balancing Authority prior to implementation in the Balancing Authority's ACE equation? - ✔✔Interchange Schedules with the sending Balancing Authority What is the state where the Balancing Authority enters the Confirmed Interchange into its Area Control Error equation? - ✔✔Implemented Interchange What should be agreed upon by Sending and Receiving Balancing Authorities? - ✔✔Interchange Schedule start and end time, Energy profile, Ramps What should the Interchange Coordinator distribute to all Balancing Authorities, Transmission Service Providers, and Purchasing-Selling Entities involved in the Arranged Interchange? - ✔✔Whether or not the interchange has transitioned to a Confirmed Interchange status What should the Interchange Coordinator communicate for Confirmed Interchange? - ✔✔Scheduling path (proper connectivity of the adjacent Balancing Authorities), Native BA, Attaining BA What is Native BA? - ✔✔Also called Sending or Source BA What is Attaining BA? - ✔✔Also called Receiving or Sink BA What is Transmission Service? - ✔✔Services provided to the customer by the Transmission Service Provider to move energy from a Point of Receipt to a Point of Delivery What is Transmission Service Provider responsible for? - ✔✔Administering the transmission tariff and providing service to customers under transmission service agreements When is each bilateral Inadvertent Interchange payback required to be submitted to the Interchange Authority? - ✔✔Always What is the responsibility of Sink BA? - ✔✔Confirming and implementing interchange schedules
What is the responsibility of Balancing Authority on a tag? - ✔✔Assessing transaction start and end time, energy profile, and scheduling path Who is responsible for tagged transactions? - ✔✔BA, TOP, and PSE What is Available Transfer Capability? - ✔✔Measure of transfer capability remaining in physical transmission network for further commercial activity When should interchange disputes be reported? - ✔✔By 15th calendar day of following month When should tagging for interchange be updated? - ✔✔If more than 250MW (251MW) and it deviates by more or less than 10%, or if 250MW or less and it deviates by + or - 25MW What is the responsibility of Transmission Providers on a tag? - ✔✔Assessing loss accounting, proper transmission priority, and energy profile accommodation What should not happen due to interchange schedules? - ✔✔Violation of established operating criteria Who receives unsolicited notification from the Tag Authority? - ✔✔BA, TOP, and PSE What information should be distributed by Interchange Coordinator during curtailment? - ✔✔Arranged Interchange information for reliability assessment only to the Source and Sink Balancing Authority What is the responsibility of Balancing Authority during curtailment? - ✔✔Initiating curtailment to Confirmed or Implemented Interchange for reliability What is the responsibility of Sink BA during curtailment? - ✔✔Confirming and implementing curtailment to Confirmed or Implemented Interchange for reliability What is the responsibility of Transmission Providers during curtailment? - ✔✔Assessing loss accounting, proper transmission priority, and energy profile accommodation during curtailment
What is the deadline for Outage Reporting? - ✔✔12:00 CST or 12:00 PST What is the minimum voltage for Transmission line or transformer? - ✔✔ 100 kV or higher What is the minimum generation for Outage Reporting? - ✔✔ 50 MW or more What is the requirement for identifying Critical Cyber Assets? - ✔✔Use risk based assessment methodology How often should assessments be conducted for Critical Cyber Assets? - ✔✔Annually What is the role of a Reliability Coordinator? - ✔✔Responsible for reliable operation of Bulk Power System What communication capabilities should an RC have? - ✔✔Multi-directional for voice and data exchange with TOPs, BAs, and neighboring RCs How often should an RC perform a Real-Time Assessment? - ✔✔At least once every 30 minutes What is the main concern of a TSP? - ✔✔Transmission operations What is the formula for power factor? - ✔✔P.F. = MW/MVA What do capacitors provide and how does it affect voltage? - ✔✔Capacitors provide MVARs and raise voltage. Output based on voltage applied. Reduction in voltage reduces capacitor output. What is the formula for calculating capacitor output after a voltage drop? - ✔✔(% of Nominal Voltage) ^2 x (rated output of Capacitor) Example: 10% drop in voltage - rated capacitor output is 100 MVAR [(.9 x .9) x 100] = [.81 x 100] = 81 MVARs
What do reactors do and how does it affect voltage? - ✔✔Reactors absorb MVARs and reduce voltage. What is an SVC and how does it work? - ✔✔SVC is a Static Var Compensator. It is a combination of capacitor and reactor with automatic control using thyristor. It is used to both raise and lower voltages. What is a Synchronous Condenser and how does it provide voltage support? - ✔✔A Synchronous Condenser is a Hydro/CT generator operating as a motor. It provides voltage support by providing or absorbing MVARs. What are Dynamic Reactive Resources and how do they respond to voltage deviations? - ✔✔Dynamic Reactive Resources respond to voltage deviations automatically. They include Generators, SVCs, and Synchronous Condenser. How does the power factor relate to the resistive nature of the load? - ✔✔Higher the power factor, the more resistive the load. Leading & Laggin - ✔✔Current Lags Voltage - Inductive - Absorbs MVars - Underexcited Current leads Voltage - Capacitive - Provides MVars - Overexcited What is the formula for power? - ✔✔(MW)^2+(MVAR)^2 = (MVA)^ What is distance relaying? - ✔✔#21 Relay Uses a ratio Voltage and Current with PT and CT devices to determine fault location on the tranmission line What are the three zones of distance relaying and their coverage? - ✔✔Zone 1 (up to 90%), Zone 2 (up to 120%), Zone 3 ( 150%+) What is the function of SPS? - ✔✔Detects abnormal system conditions and takes corrective actions
What does AVR stand for? - ✔✔Automatic Voltage Regulator What does BA stand for? - ✔✔Balancing Authority - Does not care about Transmission Operations What does BES stand for? - ✔✔Bulk Electric System What does BSU stand for? - ✔✔Black-Start Unit What does CPS stand for? - ✔✔Control Performance Standard What does DCS stand for? - ✔✔Disturbance Control Standard What does DP stand for? - ✔✔Distribution Provider What does EEA stand for? - ✔✔Energy Emergency Alert What does EMS stand for? - ✔✔Energy Management System What does EOP stand for? - ✔✔Emergency Operation & Preparedness What does GMD stand for? - ✔✔Geo-Magnetic Disturbance What does GOP stand for? - ✔✔Generator Operator What does GO stand for? - ✔✔Generator Owner What does IA stand for? - ✔✔Interchange Authority
What does IC stand for? - ✔✔Interchange Coordinator What does IROL stand for? - ✔✔Interconnection Reliability Operating Limit What does ISN stand for? - ✔✔Interregional Security Network What does LSE stand for? - ✔✔Load-Serving Entity What does NERC stand for? - ✔✔North American Electric Reliability Corporation What does OASIS stand for? - ✔✔Open Access Same Time Information Service What does PSE stand for? - ✔✔Purchasing-Selling Entity What does RC stand for? - ✔✔Reliability Coordinator What does RCIS stand for? - ✔✔Reliability Coordinator Information System What does RRO stand for? - ✔✔Regional Reliability Organization (Region) What does SOL stand for? - ✔✔System Operating Limit What does TLR stand for? - ✔✔Transmission line Loading Relief What does TO stand for? - ✔✔Transmission Owner What does TOP stand for? - ✔✔Transmission Operator
What is the SIL (MW) of 230 KV? - ✔✔ 150 What is the Typical Thermal Rating (MW) of 230 KV? - ✔✔ 400 What is the SIL (MW) of 345 KV? - ✔✔ 400 What is the Typical Thermal Rating (MW) of 345 KV? - ✔✔ 1200 What is the SIL (MW) of 500 KV? - ✔✔ 900 What is the Typical Thermal Rating (MW) of 500 KV? - ✔✔ 2600 What is the SIL (MW) of 765 KV? - ✔✔ 2200 What is the Typical Thermal Rating (MW) of 765 KV? - ✔✔ 5400 What is the SIL (MW) of 1100 KV? - ✔✔ 5200 What is the Typical Thermal Rating (MW) of 1100 KV? - ✔✔ 24000 EEA LEVEL 1,2,3 - ✔✔ 1 - All available resources in service 2 - Load Management 3 - Interruption of firm load imminent - Firm Load Shed Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay - ✔✔#50 - Set to trip on Fault Caurrent - Operates with no time delay Delayed Overcurrent Relay - ✔✔#51 - operates with a time delay to fault current
Special Protection Schemes (SPS) - ✔✔Detects abnormal system conditions and takes corrective actions; and/or in addition to the isolation of faulted components. (Balance load and generation after a loss of resources) Differential Relay - ✔✔# Operates when power coming into devices does not equal power coming out. 87T - Transformer 87B - Bus TLR Levels - ✔✔ 1 - 2 - 3A - 3B - 4 - 5A - 5B - Isochronous Governor - ✔✔Droop Setting of 0%
