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NERC Exam: Resource and Demand Balancing | Actual Questions and
Answers Latest Updated 2025 /202 6 (Graded A+)
The Control Performance Standards limit the width of the regulation boundaries for which of the following? - ✔✔ACE Which of the following terms is defined as the scan rate values of a Balancing Authority's ACE measured in MW, which includes the difference between the Balancing Authority's Net Interchange Actual and its Net Interchange Scheduled, plus its Frequency Bias obligation, plus any known meter error? - ✔✔REPORTING ACE Which of the following terms applies to the Western Interconnection only, and the addition of a component to the ACE equation that modifies the control point for the purpose of continuously paying back Primary Inadvertent Interchange to correct accumulated time error? - ✔✔AUTOMATIC TIME ERROR CORRECTION Each Balancing Authority must fulfill its commitment to the Interconnection and not the other Balancing Authorities in the Interconnection. - ✔✔BURDEN Balancing Authority A is scheduled to import a net 200 MW and is actually importing a net 150 MW. The Bias Setting is - 100 MW/.1 HZ and Actual Frequency is 59.95 Hz. What is Balancing Authority A's ACE reading? - ✔✔0 MW You are a Balancing Authority Operator. A neighboring Balancing Authority in the Interconnection suddenly has a 500 MW generator trip due to a generator ground. What part of the ACE equation, ACE = (NIA-NIS) - 10B (FA-FS) - IME, allows you and other Balancing Authorities in the Interconnection to help stabilize the Interconnection frequency error? - ✔✔10B(FA-FS) A Balancing Authority has a tie-line meter that has been verified reading 5 MWs high. The flow on the tie-line is out of the BA's Area. What effect will this have on the ACE reading? - ✔✔ACE WILL READ 5 MW ABOVE ITS ACTUAL VALUE
Which of the following elements is NOT included in the ACE equations frequency component? - ✔✔METER ERROR (IME) Balancing Authority B has a Net Interchange Schedule of 300 MW and a Frequency Bias of - 80 MW/. Hz. A 400 MW generator in the BA's area trips resulting in a New Interchange Actual reading of - 80 MW and frequency of 59.96 Hz. What is BA B's ACE? - ✔✔-412 MW Which statement best describes the CPS1 requirement? - ✔✔THE RESPONSIBLE ENTITY MUST OPERATE SO ITS CPS1 IS GREATED THAN OR EQUAL TO 100% FOR THE PRECEDING 12-MONTH PERIOD The purpose of Reliability Standard BAL-001, which defines CPS1 and BAAL compliance requirements is - ✔✔TO CONTROL INTERCONNECTION FREQUENCY WITHIN DEFINED LIMITS If a Balancing Authority does not comply with the Control Performance Standard, it is not permitted to provide which of the following for any other Balancing Authority entities? - ✔✔REGULATION OF OTHER SERVICES RELATED TO CONTROL PERFORMANCE What happens when a Balancing Authority is being evaluated for its CPS1 Control Performance, and a sustained interruption in the recording of ACE or Frequency Deviation due to loss of telemetering or computer unavailability results in a one-minute interval not containing at least 50% of samples of both ACE and Frequency Deviation? - ✔✔THE ONE MINUTE INTERVAL IS EXCLUDED FROM THE CPS CALCULATION A Balancing Authority's CPS1 calculation is computed using its clock-minute average of two values. What are those two values? - ✔✔REPORTING ACE AND FREQUENCY ERROR A Balancing Authority is slightly undergenerating its Actual System Frequency (FA) is 60.03 Hz. What is the result of the Balancing Authority's action? - ✔✔THE BALANCING AUTHORITY IS HELPING THE INTERCONNECTION FREQUENCY A Balancing Authority has an ACE of - 50 MW when Interconnection frequency is 60.04 Hz. Is the BA in danger of exceeding the Balancing Authority ACE Limit (BAAL)? - ✔✔NO, THERE IS NO LOW BAAL WHEN FREQUENCY IS HIGH
A Balancing Authority has a normal load of around 8500 MW. Its most severe single contingency is a 700 MW coal-fired steam unit. At 0810, the ACE value was at - 55 MW when a 600 MW generator in the Balancing Authority's northern area tripped off line due to a generator differential. This event resulted in a large negative ACE for the Balancing Authority. What value must ACE return to and in what time frame to avoid a DCS violation? - ✔✔-55 MW ACE IN 15 MINUTES The minimum compliance for NERC Disturbance Control Standard (DCS) is? - ✔✔100% FOR ALL REPORTABLE DISTURBANCES A Balancing Authority's largest single contingency is a unit rated at 1,000 MW. Which of the following disturbances would constitute a reportable disturbance for DCS evaluation based on the NERC DCS criteria? - ✔✔THE LOSS OF A 950 MW GENERATING UNIT AT 100% OUTPUT If a Reserve Sharing Group member has experienced a Reportable Disturbance condition but does not call for reserve activation from other members, the entire group is considered to be in a disturbance condition. - ✔✔FALSE, ONLY IF THEY CALL FOR THE ACTIVATION OF CONTINGENCY RESERVES FROM ONE OR MORE GROUP MEMBERS A Balancing Authority has 600 MW generator which is determined to be its MSSC. How much contingency reserve is the BA required to have available? - ✔✔ 600 MW - A BALANCING AUTHORITY IS REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN ENOUGH CONTINGUENCY RESERVE TO COVER ITS MSSC A Balancing Authority experiences a Reportable Balancing Contingency Event which results in ACE dropping to - 540 MW. The BA's ACE was 0 prior to the event. Ten minutes into the recovery, a 150 MW generator trips, resulting in ACE dropping again. What must the BA return its ACE to by the end of the recovery period to be compliant? - ✔✔-150MW The change in a balancing area's supply and demand following a sudden loss of load or generation within the Balancing Authority's boundaries, results in a sudden change in that Balancing Authority's
. - ✔✔ACE The Disturbance Control Standard measures a Balancing Authority's ability to utilize. - ✔✔CONTINGENCY RESERVE
A 500 MW generator trips in a Balancing Authority outside your Balancing Authority Area. Which of the following responses would you expect to see in your area? - ✔✔NET ACTUAL INTERCHANGE GREATER THAN SCHEDULED INTERCHANGE In your Interconnection, a generator tripped that was large enough to reduce the frequency from 60. Hz to 59.940 Hz. Your Balancing Authority's Frequency Bias is 200 MW/0.1 Hz. How many MW would your system initially contribute to frequency support? - ✔✔120 MW A 700 MW generator in a Balancing Authority area trips due to operator error. Which control system on the remaining generators would respond to the drop in system frequency resulting from the loss of generation? - ✔✔GOVERNOR CONTROL SYSTEMS Which of the following is used to calculate a Balancing Authority's yearly Frequency Response Obligation (FRO)? - ✔✔THE BALANCING AUTHORITY'S PERCENTAGE OF THE INTERCONNECTION'S GENERATION AND LOAD What service is a method of providing regulation in which the providing Balancing Authority incorporates all other Balancing Authorities tie lines, frequency response, and schedules into its own AGC/ACE equation? - ✔✔OVERLAP REGULATION SERVICE What happens to ACE after a sudden loss of generation in an external balancing area if the Frequency Bias Setting is less negative than the Frequency Response of the Balancing Authority? - ✔✔ACE WILL BE A POSITIVE VALUE AND AGC WILL LOWER GENERATION To achieve sufficient Frequency Response, the Frequency Response Measure (FRM) of a Balancing Authority or Frequency Response Sharing group must be: - ✔✔EQUAL TO OR MORE NEGATIVE THAN THE FREQUENCY RESPONSE OBLIGATION (FRO) A Balancing Authority is performing Overlap Regulation Service for another Balancing Authority. Which of the following statements applies to the Balancing Authority providing this service? - ✔✔THE BALANCING AUTHORITY'S FREQUENCY BIAS SETTING SHALL BE MODIFIED TO REFLECT THE COMBINED FREQUENCY BIAS SETTING OF BOTH BALANCING AREAS How is the Frequency Response Obligation (FRO) of a Frequency Response Sharing Group determined? - ✔✔ADDING THE INDIVIDUAL FRO OF EACH MEMBER
A generator large enough to cause frequency to drop to 59.950 Hz tripped in your Interconnection. Your Balancing Authority's Frequency Bias is 120 MW/0.1 Hz. How many MWs would your system initially contribute to frequency support? - ✔✔60MW Interconnection frequency is 59.80 Hz. Your ACE is a large negative value and your AGC is pulsing your units down. What should you do? - ✔✔SUSPEND AGC AND INVESTIGATE THE BA SHALL OPERATE AGC CONTINUOUSLY UNLESS SUCH OPERATION ADVERSELY IMPACTS THE RELIABILITY OF THE INTERCONNECTION. IF THE AGC HAS BECOME INOPERATIVE, THE BALANCING AUTHORITY SHALL USE MANUAL CONTROL TO ADJUST GENERATION TO MAINTAIN THE NET SCHEDULED INTERCHANGE Automatic Generation Control automatically and adjusts a Balancing Authority's generation in response to changes in the Balancing Authority's ACE. - ✔✔ECONOMICALLY Turbine governors arrest Frequency deviations. Of the following, which control system compares and brings Net Actual Interchange back in line or as close to Net Scheduled Interchange as possible? - ✔✔AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL Automatic Generation Control uses the ACE equation to. - ✔✔MINIMIZE INADVERTENT INTERCHNGE AMOUNG BA AREAS PROVIDE FREQUENCY SUPPORT FOR THE INTERCONNECTION Which part of the ACE equation reflects Pseudo-Ties values? - ✔✔ACTUAL NET INTERCHANGE COMPONENT, NIA Pseudo Ties are commonly used for which of the following? - ✔✔TO REPRESENT A JOINTLY OWNED GENERATOR (JOG) Which part of the ACE equation reflects Dynamic Schedules? - ✔✔SCHEDULED NET INTERCHANGE COMPONENT, NIS Several AGC modes are available to most Balancing Authorities. A Balancing Authority operating asynchronously, or separated from the Interconnection, should switch its AGC mode to. - ✔✔FLAT FREQUENCY CONTROL
If AGC has become inoperative, what type of control shall be used to adjust generation to maintain scheduled Interchange? - ✔✔MANUAL CONTROL A Balancing Authority's frequency indication has become erratic and unreliable. Which AGC mode should the Balancing Authority operate in? - ✔✔FLAT TIE LINE CONTROL A Balancing Authority's EMS has failed and been unable to calculate ACE for 2 hours. This is he 5th time since the first of the year. NERC Standard BAL- 005 requires the system for calculating Reporting ACE be available for what percentage of a calendar year? - ✔✔99.5% A Balancing Authority has lost the ability to calculate Reporting ACE starting at 13:15. At 13:45, capability has not been restored. The Balancing Authority must notify the Reliability Coordinator before what time? - ✔✔14: Which of the following is required to ensure Balancing Authority operators are aware of errors associated with data used for calculating Reporting ACE, and how to mitigate those errors? - ✔✔AN OPERATING PROCESS FOR IDENTIFYING AND MITIGATING ERRORS What is the availability requirement per calendar year for frequency metering used for calculating Reportable ACE? - ✔✔99.95% What is the minimum accuracy of frequency metering equipment used for calculating Reporting ACE? - ✔✔0.001 HZ A Balancing Authority has discovered one tie line meter reading is off by 30 MW, causing the ACE values to be incorrect. What should be done to temporarily adjust for the error until the meter can be calibrated or repaired? - ✔✔USE THE IME PORTION OF THE EQUATION TO ADJUST FOR THE METER ERROR What service is a method of providing regulation in which the providing Balancing Authority incorporates all other Balancing Authorities tie lines, frequency response, and schedules into its own AGC/ACE equation? - ✔✔OVERLAP REGULATION SERVICE
An SOL has been exceeded due to excessive Interchange power flows. What must be done to return facility to within normal limits? - ✔✔THE RC MAY NEED TO MODIFY OR CURTAIL INTERCHANGE TRANSACTION IMPACTING THE OVERLOADED FACILITY When an Interchange Transaction is approved, the full amount will travel on the reserved path per the E-tag. - ✔✔FALSE Which of the following entities is responsible for approving or denying an Arranged Interchange? - ✔✔BALANCING AUTHORITY A Transmission Service Provider is the entity with what role as Arranged Interchange? - ✔✔RESERVE TRANSMISSION PATH FOR INTERCHANGE TRANSACTION Which of the following are the two Balancing Authorities that commit to moving generation to support a transaction? - ✔✔SOURCE BALANCING AUTHORITY AND SINK BALANCING AUTHORITY If any entity involved in a transaction does not actively deny the Arranged Interchange within the required timeframe, the Interchange is transitioned to which status? - ✔✔CONFIRMED STATUS What condition must be met prior to an Arranged Interchange transitioning to an Implemented status? - ✔✔SINKING BALANCING AUTHORITY MUST ENSURE THE TRANSACTION STATUS IS CONFIRMED Which of the following best describes Available Transfer Capability (ATC)? - ✔✔THE AMOUNT OF TRANSFER CAPABILITY IN THE TRANSMISSION NETWORK REMAINING FOR FURTHER COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIY OVER AND ABOVE ALREADY COMMITTED USES The communication and coordination of the Interchange process is carried out by the Interchange Authority. The Interchange Authority is best described as which of the following? - ✔✔A COMPUTER SOFTWARE PROGRAM OF ELECTRONIC TAGGING What is the definition of Confirmed Interchange? - ✔✔THE STATE WHERE NO PARTY HAS DENIED, AND ALL REQUIRED PARTIES HAVE APPROVED THE ARRANGED INTERCHANGE
What is Composite Confirmed Interchange? - ✔✔THE ENERGY PROFILE (INCLUDING NON-DEFAULT RAMP) THROUGHOUT A GIVEN TIME PERIOD, BASED ON THE AGGREGATE OF ALL CONFIRMED INTERCHANGE OCCURRING IN THAT TIME PERIOD Why is it important to have a coordinated Implementation of Interchange? - ✔✔TO ENSURE BALANCING AUTHORITIES IMPLEMENT THE INTERCHANGE AS AGREED UPON IN THE INTERCHANGE CONFIRMATION PROCESS Attaining and Native Balancing Authorities must account for Pseudo-Ties using a dynamic value from an agreed upon common source. Where should they account for this value? - ✔✔IN THE ACTUAL NET INTERCHANGE TERM OF THEIR RESPECTIVE ACE EQUATIONS Four Balancing Authorities are involved in an Interchange Transaction. Balancing Authority D is the Sink and Balancing Authority A is the Source. BA-B and BA-C are Intermediate Balancing Authorities. BA-B must agree on the Composite Confirmed Interchange with whom? - ✔✔ADJACENT BALANCING AUTHORITIES BA-A AND BA-C Before implementing Confirmed Interchange, Adjacent Balancing Authorities shall agree on Composite Confirmed Interchange between them ensuring it is: - ✔✔OPPOSITE IN SIGN AND IDENTICAL IN MAGNITUDE What is the role of the Reliability Coordinator in the scheduling or modification of Interchange for actual or anticipated reliability-related reasons? - ✔✔DIRECT THE SCHEDULING OR MODIFICATION OF CONFIRMED OR IMPLEMENTED INTERCHANGE The Attaining Balancing Authority with a generator located in another Balancing Authority area implements a Dynamic Schedule to account for the generation produced. How is the generation produced in the other Balancing Authority area accounted for in real-time? - ✔✔DYNAMIC SCHEDULE IN NIS FOR EACH BALANCING AUTHORITY What is the final step in the Interchange process after the appropriate assessment of the Interchange Transaction? - ✔✔IMPLEMENT THE TRANSACTION INTO THE INVOLVED BALANCING AUTHORITIES' ACE EQUATION AND COORDINATE WITH THE TRANSMISSION OPERATOR IF AN HVDC IS INVOLVED IN PATH
