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NDAEB Exam Prep | 2024 Questions & Answers |
100% Correct | Verified
What two basic methods are used to acquire a digital x-ray image? - ✔✔Direct imaging(sensor) & indirect imaging(PSP) Advantages of Digital Radiography - ✔✔Immediate viewing of images, less radiation, no chemicals, ability to enhance images, communication with other dentists, no more lost films, remote consultation capability Disadvantages of Digital Radiography - ✔✔Cost, converting previous records to digital, learning the computer software, thickness and rigidity of sensors, infection control What is intraoral film composed of? - ✔✔ Film Base - Clear Cellulose Acetate Thin Adhesive Layer Silver Halide Crystals - absorb radiation A protective layer to protect the emulsion surface. What is a latent image? - ✔✔The image on the film that is not yet visible because it has not been processed. What does 'film speed' refer to? - ✔✔The amount of radiation that is required to produce a radiograph of standard density. True or false: The larger the silver halide crystals, the faster the film speed? - ✔✔True What is the fastest film speed currently available? - ✔✔F-Speed. (It reduces patient exposure to radiation by 20-60% compared to E or D speed film)
What are the 3 types of x-ray film used in dental radiography? - ✔✔Intraoral film, extraoral film, and duplicating film. When does a "Herringbone" pattern occur on dental film? - ✔✔When it is placed in the mouth backwards. What are the 5 basic sizes that intraoral film comes in? - ✔✔Child Size: 0 Narrow Anterior: 1 Adult Size: 2 Preformed bitewing: 3 (infrequently used) Occlusal: 4 What are two common extraoral radiographs taken? - ✔✔Panoramic and Cephalometric. What is an intensifying screen? - ✔✔A device that intensifies or increases the effect of radiation and thus decreases the amount of exposure time needed. It is coated with phosphor which gives off light when struck by x-radiation. What are the 5 steps in processing film? - ✔✔1. Developing (reduce the silver halide crystals into black metallic silver)
- Rinsing (remove developer from film)
- Fixing. (use an acidic solution to remove unexposed silver halide crystals)
- Washing (wash the film)
- Drying What are the two techniques that can be used for exposing intraloral images? - ✔✔Bisecting & Paralleling 5 Basic Rules of the Paralleling Technique - ✔✔1. Placement: it must cover correct teeth to be examined
- Position: it must be parallel to the long axis of the tooth.
What is a Lateral Cephalometric Projection used for? - ✔✔Used to evaluate facial growth and development, trauma, disease, and developmental abnormalities. It shows the bones of the face and skull as well as the soft tissue profile. What is a Posteroanterior Projection used for? - ✔✔Used to evaluate facial growth and development, trauma, disease, and development abnormalities. It shows the frontal and ethmoid sinuses, the orbits, and the nasal cavities. What happens if a patient does not remove jewellery or metallic/radiodense objects from their head/neck? - ✔✔Ghost images If a lead apron is incorrectly placed on a pt during a panoramic radiograph, what occurs? - ✔✔"Lead Apron Artifact" a radiopaque cone-shaped artifact results. What happens if a patient's chin is positioned too high during a pan? - ✔✔It will create a "reverse smile line" What happens if a patient's chin is positioned too low during a pan? - ✔✔It will create an "exaggerated smile line" What are three types of stress and strain? - ✔✔Tensile stress: pulls and stretches a material Ex. tug-of- war Compressive stress: pushes a material together. ex. chewing Shear stress: the breakdown of material as the result of something sliding over two areas. ex. cutting with scissors. What is amalgam alloy powder composed of? - ✔✔Silver - gives it its strength. Tin - gives it workability and strength. Copper - gives it strength and resistance to corrosion. Zinc - to suppress oxidation. What is the composition of a composite resin? - ✔✔1. An organic resin matrix.
- Inorganic fillers.
- A coupling agent.
- pigments. What is the resin matrix in a composite resin? - ✔✔A fluid-like material called dimethacrylate or BIS- GMA. What is the filler in a composite resin? - ✔✔Inorganic fillers in a composite resin include quartz, glass, silica particles, and colorants. They add strength and other characteristics needed in a restorative material. Composites are classified by particle size as: - ✔✔Megafill, macrofill, midifill, minifill, microfill, and nanofill. What is the coupling agent used for in a composite resin? - ✔✔It strengthens the resin by chemically bonding the filler to the resin matrix. What are pigments used for in a composite resin? - ✔✔So a composite material can match a tooth colour. What is Polymerization? - ✔✔The process by which resin material is changed from a pliable state into a hardened restoration. This occurs through auto-curing or light-curing. True of false: Glass ionomers release fluoride? - ✔✔True. What is IRM? - ✔✔A reinforced zinc-oxide eugenol (ZOE) composition. The eugenol has a sedative effect on the pulp. What do noble metals used for cast restorations consist of? - ✔✔Gold, palladium, and platinum.
Where is dental varnish placed? - ✔✔Within the entire preparation. What does a dental varnish do? - ✔✔1. Seals dentinal tubules.
- Reduces microleakage around a restoration.
- Acts as a barrier to protect the tooth from highly acidic cements such as zinc phosphor. Is varnish placed before or after the dental liner? - ✔✔Always after the liner. True or false: Dental varnish interferes with the bonding and setting reaction of composite and glass ionomer restorations? - ✔✔True. Varnish is contraindicated with composite and glass ionomer restorative material. What is the other named used for a desensitizer? - ✔✔Primer. What does a desensitizer do? - ✔✔It seals the dentinal tubules thus preventing oral fluids from seeping between the tooth and the restoration. What 3 ways does base provide pulpal protection? - ✔✔Protective base: placed when necessary to protect pulp before the restoration is placed, postop sensitivity and damage to pulp may occur without it. Insulating base: placed in deep cavities to protect tooth from thermal shock. Sedative base: help soothe pulp that has been damaged by decay or has been irritated during the process of removing decay. 4 different types of base materials: - ✔✔Zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE) - insulating/sedative base. Eugenol has a soothing effect on painful, irritated pulp. Cannot be used with composite restoration, glass ionomer, or other resin resto's. Zinc Phosphate - insulating base. very acidic, can be irritating to pulp. necessary to place cavity liner prior. Polycarboxylate - protective/insulating base. Nonirritating and can be placed under all types of restorations. Glass ionomer - excellent adhesion to enamel and to dentin. fluoride release.
Where is a base placed in a cavity prep? - ✔✔Entire pulpal floor is covered with a thickness of 1-2mm. What is tooth etchant a critical component for a restoration? - ✔✔It helps restorative material create a better chemical bond with the tooth structure. What does dental etchant do? - ✔✔Removes the smear layer in preparation for a composite resin or sealant. What is the most common recommended time for dental etchants to be placed on a tooth? - ✔✔ 15 - 20 seconds. What is the 'smear layer'? - ✔✔A very thin layer of debris composed of fluids and tooth components that remain on the dentin after cavity preparation has been completed. The 3 types of dental cements accords to their properties and intended use in dentistry: - ✔✔Type I: "luting agent", meant to act as an adhesive to hold an indirect restoration to the tooth structure or to adhere brackets to a tooth surface. This includes temp and perm cements. Type II: cements that could be used as a restorative material, such as IRM. Type III: include liners and bases that are placed within the cavity prep. Variables that may affect final cementation: - ✔✔Mixing time, humidity (addition of water to powder or loss of water from liquid), powder-to-liquid ratio, & temperature. Can a glass ionomer cement be used as a restorative material? - ✔✔Yes. This would be "Type II" and is meant for restoring areas of erosion in Class V. What advantages are there to using a glass ionomer material? - ✔✔- Fluoride release.
- Less trauma or shock to pulp.
- Very thin film thickness.
- Low solubility in the mouth.
What type of wax is used when a tray needs to be extended or more depth created? - ✔✔Utility wax. Which type of impression tray covers half of an arch? - ✔✔Section trays. What are the main components of alginate? - ✔✔Potassium alginate - derived from seaweed, used as a thickening agent. Calcium sulfate - reacts with ^ to form the gel. Trisodium phosphate - slows down reaction for mixing. Diatomaceous Earth - filler. adds bulk. Zinc oxide - adds bulk. Potassium titanium fluoride - prevents interference with the setting and surface strength of the product. What is the name for the condition when alginate absorbs additional water and expands? - ✔✔Imbibition. What is the name for the condition when moisture evaporates from the material causing it to shrink? - ✔✔Syneresis. What types of setting does alginate come in? - ✔✔Normal set & fast set. What does 'working time' refer to? - ✔✔The time allowed for mixing the alginate, loading the tray, and positioning the tray in the pt's mouth. What does 'setting time' refer to? - ✔✔The time required for the chemical action to be complete, after which the impression is ready or be removed from the patients mouth. What specific criteria must an acceptable alginate impression meet? - ✔✔- Tray should be centered.
- A complete 'peripheral roll'
- Tray is not overseated.
- Impression is free from tears or voids.
- Sharp anatomic detail of all tissues & teeth are provided.
- The retromolar area, lingual frenum, tongue space, and mylohyoid ridge are reproduced in a mand imp.
- The hard palate and tuberosities are recorded in a max imp. What's a term used to describe the change in temperature that causes a reversible hydrocolloid material to transform from one physical state to another? - ✔✔Hysteresis. Elastomeric impression materials are generally supplied in three forms, what are they? - ✔✔Light-bodied (syringe-type or wash-type), Regular-bodied, and heavy-bodied. What are the four types of elastomeric impression materials most often used in dental practice? - ✔✔Polysulfide, polyether, silicone, and polysiloxane(polyvinylsiloxane). Properties of final impression materials: - ✔✔Polysulfide - 'rubber base' - strong odor & taste. Stiffness and stability of the material is poor. Harder to mix. Easily stains clothing. Polyether - stiffness & stability are very good. a thinner is added to the mix to reduce the thickness of the mix and improve the finished impression. Silicone - odor-free, nonstaining, and easy to mix. Deformation is much less than that of polysulfide but has superior dimensional stability. Polysiloxane - high dimensional stability and low tear resistance. No taste or odor. What is an articulator used for? - ✔✔It is used to hold max and mand dental models in position to aid in reproduction of the mandible in relation to the maxilla. What is a face bow used for? - ✔✔First step the dentist takes to determine the positional relationship for the maxillary arch to the temporomandibular joints. The centric relation or bite record is a measurement of where the teeth are positioned when the joints are aligned correctly and before the teeth actually come in contact. What piece of equipment is used to grind away plaster or stone off a model? - ✔✔Model trimmer.
Self-curing acrylic resin (custom tray material) provides a strong and easily adaptable material. What are the disadvantages to using it? - ✔✔The liquid monomer is highly volatile. The vapor is highly flammable and is hazardous if inhaled in large concentrations and may be irritating to the skin. What is a pattern wax? - ✔✔A specific type of wax to be used in the construction of metal castings, and also for the base in the fabrication of dentures. The three types of waxes in this classification are inlay wax, casting wax, and baseplate wax. What is a processing wax? - ✔✔It is a classification of waxes to be used either in the clinical or laboratory setting for multiple procedures. The three types of wax included in this classification are: boxing wax, utility wax, and sticky wax. What is an impression wax? - ✔✔A classification of waxes used to take impressions within the oral cavity. The two types within this classification are: corrective impression wax and bite registration wax. Which step in the initial preparation allows the dentist to determine the shape and placement of the cavity walls? - ✔✔Resistance form. What is the difference between a "conservative" Class II restoration or a "comprehensive" class II restoration? - ✔✔Conservative - involves only two surfaces. Comprehensive - involves three or more in the removal of a cusp. When are retention (retentive) pins used? - ✔✔When it is necessary to retain and support a deep or abnormally shaped restoration. In general, a retentive pin is placed where a cusp is missing. What are two adverse affects of tooth whitening? - ✔✔Thermal Hypersensitivity- the patient may experience sensitivity to hot or cold after removal of the tray and material. Recommended pt. use sensitivity toothpaste. Tissue Irritation- gingival tissue may be exposd to excess gel because of improper fitting of trays. advise pt. not to overfill trays and remove any excess material when seating the tray. What is the purpose of a matrix system? - ✔✔To create a temporary interproximal wall for the restorative material to be placed against.
What can result from improper wedge placement? - ✔✔Overhang-where a restoration is too bulky where it meets the tooth Cupping-if the restoration is indented. What are inlays/onlays? - ✔✔Cast restorations designed to fit snugly within the preparation of a tooth. Inlay- resembles a class II restoration. Onlay-resembles a multisurface restoration and covers the proximal surfaces and most of the entire occlusal surface. What is a veneer? - ✔✔A thin shell of tooth-coloured material. Direct Veneer- created directly in pt's mouth with the use of composite resin material. Indirect Veneer- fabricated in dental lab on the basis of an impression taken of the prepared tooth. What is a three-quarter crown? - ✔✔It does not cover an entire anatomic portion of a tooth, the tooth is prepared so that the buccal or facial surface is unchanged. What is a PFM crown? - ✔✔a full metal crown with outer surfaces covered with a thing layer of porcelain. What is a porcelain jacket crown? - ✔✔A very thin metal shell covered by layers of porcelain built up to resemble the shading and translucence of the enamel of a natural tooth. Used on anterior but lacks the strength of PFM. What is a Maryland Bridge (Resin-Bonded Bridge)? - ✔✔A pontic with wing-like extensions from the mesial and distal sides. Bonding of these extensions to the lingual surfaces of the adjacent teeth supports the pontic. What is the term used for an exact replica of a tooth prepared by a laboratory technician? - ✔✔A die.
- Postdelivery check. What impression material is typically used when one is taking a final impression for a partial denture? - ✔✔Elastomeric. Components of a full denture: - ✔✔Base- designed to fit over residual alveolar ridge. commonly made from acrylic. Flange- part of the base that extends over the attached mucosa from the cervical margin of the teeth to the border of the denture. Post Dam- suction seal that retains a max denture. Artificial Teeth-fabricated from acrylic or porcelain. What is an immediate denture? - ✔✔A prosthesis that is placed directly in the mouth after the extraction of a pt's remaining teeth. What are overdentures? - ✔✔A full denture that is supported by the bony ridge and oral mucosa plus two or more remaining natural teeth or implants. (most often the canines) What are the two coping techniques used when an overdenture is placed? - ✔✔Long Coping: only a minimal amount of tooth structure is removed and the length of the tooth remains almost the same. Short Coping: used only on endodontically treated teeth, tooth structure is greatly reduced and shortened. When a denture is to be relined, how long is the patient without it for? - ✔✔ 8 - 24 hours What are the 3 main types of implants? - ✔✔Endosteal- most common. surgically placed into the jawbone. 1. the titanium implat is embedded into the jawbone during stage 1. 2. titanium abutment screw is screwed into the implant after osseointegration of the implant. 3. abutment post or cylinder attaches to the artificial tooth or denture. Subperiosteal- a metal frame that is placed under the periosteum and on top of the bone. Not into the bone. Good for pt who do not have sufficient alveolar ridge to support endosteal type implants. Often used to support mandibular complete denture.
Transosteal Implant- inserted through the inferior border of the mandible and into the edentulous area. used with pt with severely resorbed ridges and there are no other options. What is osseointegration? - ✔✔Process by which the living cells of the jawbone naturally grow around the implanted dental supports. How long is the osseonintegration period? - ✔✔About 3-6 months. What material is commonly used to make an implant? - ✔✔Titanium because of its compatibility with bone and oral tissues. It may be coated with hydroxyapatite , a ceramic substance that rapidly osseonintegrates the implant to the bone. What are the two main sources of pulpal nerve damage? - ✔✔Physical irritation: mild tooth sensitivity to complete nerve death of the tooth or even infection of the surrounding tissues by bacteria. Trauma: such as a blow to a tooth or the jaw. What are the most common symptoms and signs of pulpal nerve damage? - ✔✔pain when occluding pain during eating sensitivity to hot or cold beverages noticeable facial swelling fever tenderness of the surrounding gums cracked or discolour teeth What 5 radiographs are needed for diagnosis and completion of endodontic treatment? - ✔✔1. Initial: before treatment.
- Working length: taken once the pulp has been opened, used to determine the length of the canal.
- Final Instrumentation: taken with final size files in all canals receiving treatment.
- Root canal completion image: taken of the completed canal filled after tooth has been temporized and dental dam removed.
- Recall image: taken at posttreatment evaluations.
What are Pesso Files used for? - ✔✔Enlarge walls of pulp chamber. What irrigation solutions are used in endo? - ✔✔Sodium Hypochlorite (household bleach): Antimicrobial agent that has a solvent action on necrotic pulp tissue and organic debris. Hydrogen Peroxide Parachlorophenol What is a root canal sealer used for? - ✔✔Seals out the unfilled voids during the obturation process. What is an apicoectomy? - ✔✔surgical removal of the apical portion of the root. What is apical curettage? - ✔✔removal of pathologic soft tissue around the root apex. What is a Retrograde Restoration? - ✔✔Also know as root end filling. A small prep is made at the apex and is sealed with filling materials. What is root amputation? - ✔✔Removal of one or more roots of a tooth without removing the crown. What is hemisection? - ✔✔The root and the crown are cut lengthwise and removed. Most often performed on mandibular molars. What are three nonsurgical periodontal treatments? - ✔✔Scaling, Rootplaning, and Gingival Curettage What is a Gingivectomy? - ✔✔Surgical removal of diseased gingival tissue. What is a Gingivoplasty? - ✔✔Surgical reshaping and contouring of gingival tissues. What is an Osteoplasty? - ✔✔Bone is contouring and reshaped and bone may be added through bone grafting.
What as an Ostectomy? - ✔✔Bone is removed. What is crown lengthening? - ✔✔Surgery designed to expose more tooth structure for the placement of a restoration such as a crown. Why would you need to place a periodontal dressing (periopak)? - ✔✔- to hold flaps in place.
- to protect newly forming tissues.
- to minimize postoperative pain, infection, & hemorrhage
- to protect the surgical site from trauma.
- to support mobile teeth during the healing process. What materials are most commonly used in periodontal dressings? - ✔✔Zinc-Oxide Eugenol- Slow set. Sets to a firm and heavy consistency and provides good support & protection. However, some pt. may be allergic to the eugenol. Noneugenol Dressing-most widely used. Has a smooth surface for patient comfort, has a rapid setting time. What are the 3 most common biopsy procedures? - ✔✔Incisional, Excisional, and Exfoliative What are the 3 'ages' of a child? - ✔✔Chronological-actual age in terms of years Mental Age-level of intellectual capacity Emotional Age-childs level of emotional maturity What are Erikson's Stages of Development? - ✔✔Learning Basic Trust-Infacy-1yo Learning Autonomy-around 2yo, learn to walk run, sit, stand. basic fear. Play Age- 3 - 5yo able to follow simple instructions School Age- 6 - 11yo period of socialization Adolescence- 12 - 20yo puberty to young adulthood, self certainty
