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at what vertebral level(s) should you perform a lumbar puncture ? correct answers L3/L4 or L4/L5; level of the iliac crests when doing a lumbar puncture, what does your needle pierce through correct answers skin -- > fascia --> supraspinous ligament --> interspinous ligament --> ligamentum flavum --> epidural space --> dura mater --> subarachnoid space What is a herniated disc? correct answers nucleus pulposus through anulus fibrosus (nucleus pulposus is remnant of notochord) -usually herniates postero-laterally -compresses spinal nerve root most common levels of herniated disc correct answers Lumbar Levels= L4/L5 or L5/S1 cervical regions= C5/C6 or C6/C7 herniated disk presentation correct answers -individuals <50 -history of back pain that may radiate down to the lower limb -pain begins soon after patient lifted something heavy -herniated lumbar disc compresses the nerve root one number below (L4/L5 will compress
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at what vertebral level(s) should you perform a lumbar puncture? correct answers L3/L4 or L4/L5; level of the iliac crests when doing a lumbar puncture, what does your needle pierce through correct answers skin --
fascia --> supraspinous ligament --> interspinous ligament --> ligamentum flavum --> epidural space --> dura mater --> subarachnoid space What is a herniated disc? correct answers nucleus pulposus through anulus fibrosus (nucleus pulposus is remnant of notochord)
what type of fracture are boxer's/fist fighters prone to? correct answers - fractured necks of the metacarpal bones
what is medial epicondylitis? correct answers - inflammation of the common flexor tendon at the medial epicondyle origins of which muscles may be affected in medial epicondylitis? correct answers - pronator teres
breast lymph drainage? correct answers - most lymph drains to the axillary lymph nodes --> initially the anterior (pectoral) nodes (>75%, especially from the lateral breast quadrants)
Costal pleura is innervated by? Mediastinal pleura is innervated by? Diaphragmatic pleura is innervated by? correct answers 1. intercostal nerves
who usually get direct inguinal hernias? correct answers disease of old men with weak abdominal muscles who usually get indirect inguinal hernias? correct answers male infants (congenital) what makes up the lesser omentum? what is contained in these structures? correct answers - gastrohepatic --> right & left gastric arteries
complications? correct answers - herniation of the cardiac of the stomach into the thorax through the esophageal hiatus
sensory innervation of the liver and gallbladder? correct answers right phrenic --> pain may radiate to the right shoulder What makes the Portal vein? correct answers SMV + splenic where does the IMV drain? correct answers into the splenic vein where does the left gastric vein drain? correct answers portal vien draw portal venous system correct answers how does the body deal with portal HTN? correct answers blood can flow retrograde through the valveless portal system and pass through anastomoses to reach the caval system Where are the portocaval anastomosis seen in portal HTN? correct answers 1. esophageal veins