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NBHWC HEALTH AND WELLNESS TEST EXAM | 282 QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS | 29 PAGES
< 200mg/dl - CorrectAnswer: total cholesterol <100mg/dL - CorrectAnswer: Acceptable LDL
/= 60 mg/dl - CorrectAnswer: HDL desired level < 150 mg/dl - CorrectAnswer: normal triglycerides 37" & below - CorrectAnswer: Low Waist Circumference in Men 37.1"-39.9" - CorrectAnswer: Intermediate Risk Waist Circumference in Men 40 " + - CorrectAnswer: High Risk Waist Circumference in Men 31.5 " & Below - CorrectAnswer: Low Risk Waist Circumference in Women 31.6"-34.9" - CorrectAnswer: Intermediate Risk Waist Circumference in Women 35" + - CorrectAnswer: High Risk Waist Circumference in Women < 18.5 BM1 - CorrectAnswer: underweight 18.5-25 BMI - CorrectAnswer: Normal BMI 25 - 30 BMI - CorrectAnswer: overweight 30 + BMI - CorrectAnswer: Obese 30 - 35 BMI - CorrectAnswer: Obese Class 1 35 - 40 BMI - CorrectAnswer: Obese Class 2 40 + BMI - CorrectAnswer: Obese Class 3 (Extreme-Severe) /= 6.5 % - CorrectAnswer: High A1C Diabetes < 6.5%- >/=5.7% - CorrectAnswer: Medium A1C Pre Diabetes </= 5.7 % - CorrectAnswer: Normal A1C HA1C - CorrectAnswer: 3 - month average of blood sugar
/= 126 mg/dl - CorrectAnswer: What is the fasting plasma glucose level considered indicative of diabetes? < 126 mg/dl - >/= 100mg/dl - CorrectAnswer: What is the fasting plasma glucose level considered indicative of pre diabetes?
<100 mg/dl - CorrectAnswer: Normal FPG FPG (fasting plasma glucose) - CorrectAnswer: Methods of DM Diagnosis No calories for at least 8 hours OGTT - CorrectAnswer: oral glucose tolerance test
/= 200/mg/dl - CorrectAnswer: High OGTT Diabetes <200 and >140 mg/dl - CorrectAnswer: Pre-diabetic OGTT < 140 mg/dl - CorrectAnswer: normal 2h glucose level OGTT systolic blood pressure - CorrectAnswer: the upper number in the fraction that measures blood pressure, indicating pressure on the walls of the arteries when the heart contracts diastolic blood pressure - CorrectAnswer: The lower number and the pressure remaining in the arteries when the left ventricle of the heart is relaxed and refilling A large waistline, high triglyceride level, low hdl cholesterol level, high blood pressure, high fasting blood sugar - CorrectAnswer: Metabolic Syndrome (need 3 out of 5) large waistline (>35 in women, >40 in in men), high triglycerides (150 mg/dl or on meds for high triglycerides), low HDL (< 50mg/dl, women/ <40 mg/dl men, or on meds for low HDL) high BP (130/85 mmHg or on meds for HBP), high fasting BG (100-125mmdl pre diabetes, >126mmdl diabetes)
- CorrectAnswer: Metabolic Syndrome (need 3 out of 5) HDL cholesterol - CorrectAnswer: good cholesterol, moves cholesterol from arteries) >/= 60mg/dl LDL cholesterol - CorrectAnswer: "bad" blood cholesterol, delivers plaque to the arterial walls. 2.5 hours /150 minutes’ moderate intensity aerobic activity every week.
Diabetes: 200 mg/dl or above: random blood sugar test - CorrectAnswer: blood sample taken and random time regardless of when you last ate 200mg/dL = diabetes Urinate a lot, often at night Thirst Lose weight without trying very hungry blurry vision numb or tingling hands and feet feel very tired dry skin sores that heal slowly more infections than usual - CorrectAnswer: Symptoms of Type 2 Nausea vomiting stomach pain - CorrectAnswer: additional symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes < 18 - 24. 25 - 29. 30+ - CorrectAnswer: BMI classifications Travis Illness-Wellness Continuum - CorrectAnswer: L to R: Pre-mature death Disability Symptoms Signs (All of above represent treatment paradigm)
- neutral point - Awareness Education Growth High-level wellness A contributing factor to obesity that is not a personal health behavior - CorrectAnswer: drugs Neighborhood environment that can impact obesity - CorrectAnswer: sidewalks present screening tool, not a diagnostic of body fatness - CorrectAnswer: BMI measures abdominal fat - CorrectAnswer: waist circumference
waist circumference in inches’ indicator for developing type 2, hypertension, CAD - CorrectAnswer: Non pregnant women 35 inches Men 40 inches Waist to hip ratio risk for heart attack or stroke increases steadily at which point - CorrectAnswer: >non pregnant women.
men. Measure waist circumference around umbilicus level for indicator of abdominal fat - CorrectAnswer: Waist to hip all causes of mortality hypertension dyslipidemia type 2 Coronary heart disease stroke gallbladder disease osteoarthritis sleep apnea and breathing problems some cancers low quality of life mental illness body pain and difficulty functioning - CorrectAnswer: consequences of obesity plaque buildup - CorrectAnswer: atherosclerosis. Cause of CAD narrowing of the arteries - CorrectAnswer: atherosclerosis Angina - CorrectAnswer: chest pain EKG, stress test - CorrectAnswer: How to diagnose CAD myocardial infarction - CorrectAnswer: heart attack HBP, high cholesterol, smoking - CorrectAnswer: 3 key risk factors for heart disease when blood clots or other particles block the blood vessels to the brain - CorrectAnswer: Ischematic stroke Chest pain or discomfort weakness, light headedness, Nausea, cold sweat pain or discomfort in shoulder or arm shortness of breath - CorrectAnswer: symptoms of a heart attack
fever fatigue or tiredness weakness - CorrectAnswer: signs and symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis pain and stiffness all over body fatigue and tiredness depression and anxiety sleep problems problems with thinking, memory, and concentration headaches including migraines - CorrectAnswer: signs and symptoms of Fibromyalgia tingling or numbness in hands and feet pain in face or jaw, including disorders of the jaw known as TMI (temporomandibular joint syndrome) digestive problems, abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, IBS - CorrectAnswer: other symptoms of Fibromyalgia Too much LDL cholesterol in the blood can cause_______________ - CorrectAnswer: Heart Attack HDL - CorrectAnswer: good cholesterol Triglycerides - CorrectAnswer: fat in blood used for energy Cholesterol test - CorrectAnswer: Lipid panel HDL=good LDL=bad Often a healthy adult should check their cholesterol - CorrectAnswer: 4-6 years smoking can lower your_______________________ - CorrectAnswer: HDL Family hypercholesterolemia is often treated with_________________ - CorrectAnswer: Statins Statins - CorrectAnswer: lower cholesterol in the blood and reduce its production in the liver by blocking the enzyme that produces it Total <200 mg/dl LDL < 100 mg/dl HDL >/= 60mg/dl Triglycerides <150 mg/dl - CorrectAnswer: desirable cholesterol levels
- Lower risk 0-1 risk factors / 10 - year risk score per centavo N/A
- Moderate risk 2 or more risk factors and... / your 10 - year risk score is less than 10%
- Moderately high risk 2 or more risk factors and... /your 10year risk score is between 10- 20%
- High risk already have heart disease or diabetes or.../ your 10 tear risk score is more than 20% - CorrectAnswer: NCEP Categories of Risk for Heart Disease (National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) 130/85 BP reading. What is this? - CorrectAnswer: BP for metabolic syndrome A1C test - CorrectAnswer: for diabetes by checking sugar on red blood cells to get an average glucose level over several months FPG (fasting plasma glucose) - CorrectAnswer: Glucose levels after at least eight hours of no caloric intake. Less than 100 mg/dl is normal OGTT (oral glucose tolerance test) - CorrectAnswer: A plasma glucose level = or > 200 mg/dl at 2 hours’ id diagnostic of DM
- Normal OGTT is < 140 2 hours after ingesting 75 g of glucose
- IGT diagnosis = 2 - hour plasma glucose between > 140 and < 200 mg/dl < 18.5 - CorrectAnswer: underweight BMI 18.5 to <25 - CorrectAnswer: normal BMI 25.0-<30 - CorrectAnswer: overweight BMI
30+ - CorrectAnswer: obese BMI BMI 30 to <35 - CorrectAnswer: class 1 obesity BMI 35 to < 40 - CorrectAnswer: class 2 obesity BMI of 40 or higher - CorrectAnswer: class 3 obesity "extreme or severe" obesity Large waist line (35"+ for woman, 40"+ for men) High triglycerides level Low HDL High Blood Pressure High Fasting Blood sugar - CorrectAnswer: Metabolic Syndrome risk factor (must have 3 of 5 for diagnosis) HDL cholesterol <50mg/dl woman and < 40 mg/dl men or being on medication - CorrectAnswer: Metabolic Syndrome risk factor
Wellbeing is associated with a decreased risk of many diseases including _________________ - CorrectAnswer: diabetes, cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, mental illness, obesity, hypertension Example of Social resource - CorrectAnswer: Community involvement, group exercise, connect in your neighborhood, safe housing and security, economic stability, sidewalks. Strongest predictors of wellbeing - CorrectAnswer: social connections/community/positive emotions silent killer - CorrectAnswer: hypertension (high blood pressure) systolic - CorrectAnswer: the upper number in the fraction that measures blood pressure, indicating pressure on the walls of the arteries when the heart contracts Diastolic - CorrectAnswer: Pressure in the arteries when the heart relaxes and ventricles fill with blood, bottom number, rest between beats Which is more important systolic or diastolic to assess risk for heart disease? - CorrectAnswer: Systolic Hypertension increases your risk for these two conditions? - CorrectAnswer: heart disease (CAD), diabetes, stroke What percentage of people with DM have HBP? - CorrectAnswer: 60% How do you prevent Type 1 Diabetes? - CorrectAnswer: You can't, its autoimmune diabetes mellitus (DM) - CorrectAnswer: Medical term for diabetes diabetes - CorrectAnswer: A condition in which the body is unable to produce enough insulin, the hormone required for the metabolism of sugar or makes too much insulin When your cells don't respond to insulin you may have? - CorrectAnswer: Pre-diabetes or type 2 insulin resistance - CorrectAnswer: the inability of the cells to respond to insulin About 5 % of people with diabetes have which type? - CorrectAnswer: Type 1 Hypoglycemia - CorrectAnswer: too much insulin, very low blood sugar in the blood=less than 70 mg/dl.
Symptoms of hypoglycemia - CorrectAnswer: - confusion
- mild shakiness
- palpitations
- headache
- lack of coordination
- anxiety
- sweating
- dizziness How can you manage Type 2 diabetes? - CorrectAnswer: healthy diet, moderate exercise, good nutrition, stress management, healthy amount of sleep Which type of blood test includes drinking a liquid that contains glucose after an overnight fast in order to test for type 2? - CorrectAnswer: Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) Blood test for type 2 - CorrectAnswer: Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) How is BMI calculated? - CorrectAnswer: weight in kg/height in meters squared According to Harvard Health how should you assess one’s risk for obesity related disease? - CorrectAnswer: waist circumference waist circumference - CorrectAnswer: a measurement of abdominal girth that indicates visceral fatness visceral fat - CorrectAnswer: fat located around major organs; also called intra-abdominal fat (dangerous fat) BMI flaws - CorrectAnswer: Incorrect with muscular people such as bodybuilders or athletes. Incorrect with certain ethnic groups subcutaneous fat - CorrectAnswer: fat located under the skin FAST acronym - CorrectAnswer: FACE, ARM, SPEECH, TIME -- for stroke Treatments for Osteoarthritis (OA) - CorrectAnswer: PT, CBT, light exercise, losing weight if overweight, cut smoking and drinking, monitor blood sugar, rest, medication Complications of Rheumatoid Arthritis - CorrectAnswer: pain, disability, heart disease, anemia, obesity, inflammation, lung tissue scarring, loss of employment Treatment for fibromyalgia - CorrectAnswer: self-care, stress reduction, medication, moderate exercise, physical and mental therapy.
Risk for developing Type 2 Diabetes/ pre-diabetes - CorrectAnswer: - have pre diabetes
- overweight 45 yo+
- parents, brother or sister with type 2
- physically active less than 3 x per week
- had gestational diabetes to a baby weighing more than lbs.
- African American, Latino, American Indian etc. What is diabetes? - CorrectAnswer: Diabetes is a chronic (long-lasting) health condition that affects how your body turns food into energy. Most of the food you eat is broken down into sugar (also called glucose) and released into your bloodstream. When your blood sugar goes up, it signals your pancreas to release insulin. Insulin acts like a key to let the blood sugar into your body's cells for use as energy. If you have diabetes, your body either doesn't make enough insulin or can't use the insulin it makes as well as it should. When there isn't enough insulin or cells stop responding to insulin, too much blood sugar stays in your bloodstream. Over time, that can cause serious health problems, such as heart disease, vision loss, and kidney disease. Diabetes tests include - CorrectAnswer: A1C Test The A1C test measures your average blood sugar level over the past 2 or 3 months. An A1C below 5.7% is normal, between 5.7 and 6.4% indicates you have prediabetes, and 6.5% or higher indicates you have diabetes. Fasting Blood Sugar Test This measures your blood sugar after an overnight fast (not eating). A fasting blood sugar level of 99 mg/dL or lower is normal, 100 to 125 mg/dL indicates you have prediabetes, and 126 mg/dL or higher indicates you have diabetes. Glucose Tolerance Test This measures your blood sugar before and after you drink a liquid that contains glucose. You'll fast (not eat) overnight before the test and have your blood drawn to determine your fasting blood sugar level. Then you'll drink the liquid and have your blood sugar level checked 1 hour, 2 hours, and possibly 3 hours afterward. At 2 hours, a blood sugar level of 140 mg/dL or lower is considered normal, 140 to 199 mg/dL indicates you have prediabetes, and 200 mg/dL or higher indicates you have diabetes. Random Blood Sugar Test This measures your blood sugar at the time you're tested. You can take this test at any time and don't need to fast (not eat) first. A blood sugar level of 200 mg/dL or higher indicates you have diabetes. Diabetes test - CorrectAnswer:
Risks for high cholesterol - CorrectAnswer: Type 2 diabetes lowers high-density lipoprotein (HDL, or "good") cholesterol levels and raises low-density lipoprotein (LDL, or "bad") cholesterol levels. This combination raises your risk of heart disease and stroke. Obesity is linked to higher triglyceride levels, higher LDL cholesterol levels, and lower HDL cholesterol levels. Obesity can also lead to heart disease, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), can cause very high LDL cholesterol levels. Increase risk for high cholesterol - CorrectAnswer: Eating a diet high in saturated fat and trans fat may contribute to high cholesterol and related conditions, such as heart disease. Not getting enough physical activity can make you gain weight, which can lead to high cholesterol. Smoking damages your blood vessels, making them more likely to collect fatty deposits. Smoking may also lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL, or "good") cholesterol levels. metabolic syndrome - CorrectAnswer: A syndrome marked by the presence of usually three or more of a group of factors (as high blood pressure, abdominal obesity, high triglyceride levels, low HDL levels, and high fasting levels of blood sugar) that are linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes. Diagnose Metabolic Syndrome - CorrectAnswer: waist measurement of 35 " women/ 40" men Triglycerides 150 mg/dl + HDL < 50 mg/dl women/ <40 mg/dl men 130/85 + or on medication for HBP Fasting blood sugar 100 mg/dl +, on medication for high blood sugar
35" + / 40" + Waist Circumference <50 mg/dl / <40 mg/dl HDL 150 mg/dl + Triglycerides 100 mg/dl+ Fasting blood sugar 130/85 HBP Symptoms of a heart attack in men and women - CorrectAnswer: pressure/pain in the chest, shoulder pain, sweating, nausea, shortness of breath, weak, light headed, pain in jaw, neck, backbone or both arms Other symptoms of heart attack in women - CorrectAnswer: Unexplained tiredness, nausea and vomiting
Harvard Health Dairy - CorrectAnswer: Limit to 1 to 2 servings per day Harvard Health Protein - CorrectAnswer: Choose fish poultry and nuts. Limit red meat and cheese. Avoid bacon and processed meats According to the Harvard Food Pyramid, which of the following should be eaten sparingly? - CorrectAnswer: Limit refined grains; white rice, white bread According to Harvard Health, healthy oil includes - CorrectAnswer: canola, olive. Limit butter avoid Trans fat According to Harvard Health, an example of refined grain is__________ - CorrectAnswer: white rice, white bread MyPlate Recommendations - CorrectAnswer: - Does not tell consumers that whole grains are better for health
- Does not offer any indication that some proteins are healthier than others, including processed and red meat
- Does not distinguish between potato and other veggies
- Silent of fats which can steer consumer to a low fat, high carb diet that makes it harder to control weight and worsen cholesterol profile
- Recommends diary at every meal, says nothing about sugary juice drinking
- Juice is considered a fruit
- physical activity not included
- Half the plate fruit and veggies
- 8 ounces of cooked seafood per week
- does not include oils Healthy Eating Plate Recommendations - CorrectAnswer: - 1/4 plate whole grains
- 1/4 plate protein, limit red meat and avoid processed meat
- 2/3 plate vegetables; assorted colors and varieties, except potatoes and French fries because they have the same effect on blood sugar as sweets
- 1/3 plate fruit. Fruit on bottom under vegetables
- avoid trans fats, use healthy oils, limit butter
- milk/dairy 1-2 servings a day, drink water, avoid sugary drinks
- stay active DASH diet - CorrectAnswer: dietary approach to stop hypertension by controlling sodium DASH diet sodium intake - CorrectAnswer: 1500 mg lowers blood pressure even further than 2300mg of sodium daily (2300 mg is the recommendation)
Most of the sodium Americans eat comes from____________ - CorrectAnswer: Processed food When eating out avoid choosing_____________ - CorrectAnswer: smoked, cured or pickled food American Diabetes Association recommends those with diabetes eat less - CorrectAnswer: added sugar Diet that controls inflammation for people with arthritis - CorrectAnswer: Mediterranean Diet anti-inflammatory diets often include - CorrectAnswer: olive oil and fatty fish Foods that cause inflammation include - CorrectAnswer: refined carbs, margarine, soda recommendation for amount of weight loss - CorrectAnswer: 1 - 2 lbs. a week weight loss programs should include___________ - CorrectAnswer: physical activity and behavioral treatment Hydration helps your body - CorrectAnswer: - keep temp normal
- lubricate and cushions joints
- protects spinal cord and other sensitive tissues
- gets rid of waste though urination, perspiration and bowel movements Your body needs more water when you are_____________ - CorrectAnswer: - In hot climates
- more physically active
- running a fever
- having diarrhea or vomiting percentage of adults that do not meet guidelines for aerobic and muscle strengthening activities - CorrectAnswer: 80% Physical activity can lower the risk of ___________ - CorrectAnswer: depression and breast cancer 2 factors positively associated with physical activity? - CorrectAnswer: Social support and safe neighborhoods 2 factors negatively associated with physical activity include_______ - CorrectAnswer: low income and rural residency
insufficient sleep is linked to ___________ - CorrectAnswer: obesity, diabetes, depression and CAD Tips for Better Sleep include (sleep hygiene): - CorrectAnswer: Be consistent. Go to bed at the same time each night and get up at the same time each morning, including on the weekends. Make sure your bedroom is quiet, dark, relaxing, and at a comfortable temperature. Remove electronic devices, such as TVs, computers, and smart phones from the bedroom. Avoid large meals, caffeine, and alcohol before bedtime. Get some exercise. Being physically active during the day can help you fall asleep more easily at night. Mental health is comprised of _________, ____________, & ____________well-being. - CorrectAnswer: emotional, psychological and social Examples of early warning signs for mental health problems may include ___________, _________________, or ____________________. - CorrectAnswer: feeling hopeless, persistent thoughts, low energy ________________________ are more likely to experience depression in their lifetime. - CorrectAnswer: Women In grief, ______________________ is usually maintained unlike depression. - CorrectAnswer: self esteem A person may be diagnosed with anxiety disorder if the fear or anxiety is ___________. - CorrectAnswer: out of proportion A common treatment for depression includes _________________________________. - CorrectAnswer: Cognitive behavioral therapy An environmental risk factor for depression includes ___________________________. - CorrectAnswer: poverty The importance of ________________________is fundamental to understanding social determinants of health. - CorrectAnswer: place Social determinants of health include ___________, ____________, and ____________. - CorrectAnswer: quality of education, socio-economic conditions, exposure to crime Physical determinants of health include __________, ____________, and ___________. - CorrectAnswer: Toxins, green space, built environment
social isolation - CorrectAnswer: Social isolation is a predictor of adverse health outcomes Where someone is at in their life stages (childhood vs. adolescents) has a large impact on them health behaviors/health outcomes. Marriage and kids include mixed data. While you are likely to engage in less risky behavior if married or if you have kids, both being married and having kids results in poorer eating habits and less habitual exercise. Those with social support have enhanced mental health and reduced stress which impacts health outcomes. Stress is the primary negative outcome of social ties/social relationships. Stress affects the musculoskeletal system by causing _________________________. - CorrectAnswer: tension Stress affects the respiratory system by causing______________________________. - CorrectAnswer: Shortness of breath Stress affects the cardiovascular system by causing ___________________________. - CorrectAnswer: elevated blood pressure Stress affects the endocrine system by causing_______________________________. - CorrectAnswer: Stress Hormones The __________________________ is the primary driver of the endocrine stress response - CorrectAnswer: HPA Axis ______________________________can affect how quickly food moves through the body. - CorrectAnswer: Stress _____________________________________ is responsible for the flight or fight response. - CorrectAnswer: SNS (sympathetic nervous system) Recovery from the sympathetic nervous system response is facilitated by _______________.
- CorrectAnswer: PNS (para sympathetic nervous system) Chronic stress can impact female __________________ and male _____________________.
- CorrectAnswer: Menstruation, sperm production Three important aspects of stress management include ________, _________ & _________.
- CorrectAnswer: sleep, exercise, social support
