Download Natural History - Midterm Notes with Complete Solutions and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
BIOL 1902 A Midterm Notes With Complete
Solutions Latest Update
Natural History -ANS>Is nature (living, breathing, dynamic animals, dynamic plants.) Natural history is considered an observational science. "HERPS"- -ANS>Another name for reptiles and amphibians Naturalist- -ANS>Is someone with a general interest in natural history. Camouflage =? -ANS>Concealment. Bicolouration -ANS> Aposematic colouration -ANS>bright colours of animals that release chemicals or stingers Mullerian Mimicry -ANS>When a group of unrelated animals are all defended and bear similar appearance's. Milkweed beetle & Milkweed bug. Thanatosis -ANS>Term used for animals that play dead. which animal uses YARDING a a behavioural defence? -ANS>White Tailed deer.
What does bird FLOCKING do? -ANS>When a group of unrelated animals are all defended and bear similar appearance's. Milkweed beetle & Milkweed bug. Group Defence -ANS>can be defensive, like wasps in the ground, lets out chemical to let others know there is danger (attack pheromones). What are alarm calls? -ANS>smaller birds signal other or larger birds to help attack bigger birds. Mobbing -ANS>Pre-motive defence Vigilance -ANS>Being alert & scanning for danger. Olfactory -ANS>Nose Visual -ANS>Eyes Auditory -ANS>Ears 3 Sensory Organs All Aligned -ANS>Beavers External Pinnae -ANS>Captures sounds
Mullien -ANS>Acts like a blush when comes into contact with the face. Small balls on the end of Trichomes contain? -ANS>chemicals inside, they break open, which gives plants a chemical defence. (Stinging Nettle) (Burning reaction) Glandular Trichomes= -ANS>Physical + Chemical Defence Structural Elements -ANS>such as cellulose HEMICELLULOSE, PECTIN CONCRETE LIKE COMPOUND make plant tissues HARD TO DIGEST. Lignin -ANS>gives leaves stiffness, nuts and cherry pits their hardness. (oak leaves). Structural elements are bad because? -ANS>They are digestibility reducers. Silica is found in what? -ANS>Horsetails (Equisetum), also in some grasses. Tannins are? -ANS>astringent (in wines (dryness) ) = plant secondary metabolites. Calcium is used as a? -ANS>Detergent Arum plants contain what? -ANS>CALCIUM OXALATE CRYSTALS in their leaves. (JACK IN THE PULPIT)
Terpenoids -ANS>Major group of plant chemical toxins, TASTE BITTER ( DON'T CONTAIN NITROGEN ) RESINS (OLEORESINS) -ANS>contain TERPANIODS. (Posion Ivy ) Toxins that contain NITROGEN are called? -ANS>Alkaloids Alkaloids interfere with? -ANS>digestion by binding to digestive enzymes, some are sugar mimics. = constitutive defences (are always in the plant) HCN is? -ANS>HYDROGEN CYANIDE which is INDUCIBLE (Black Cherry) Bracken ferns contain what? -ANS>HCN phytoecdysones are bad because they make -ANS>plants mature too quickly and die. MH IS? -ANS>Moulting Hormone - ECDYSONE JH IS? -ANS>Juvenile Hormone - only produced in the juvenile stage. LARVA- MH/JH-MH-MH- BUTTERFLY -ANS>larva stages.
- Put on more hairs. ( 2 types)
- have more feathers. mammals have how many types of fat? -ANS> What are the two types of fats in mammals? -ANS>Subcutaneous & Brown fat Brown fat is -ANS>Internal in the mammal, for burning warmth. Subcutaneous Fat -ANS>fat located underneath the skin. Thermogenesis -ANS>When birds shiver to create warmth for their bodies What colours retain body heat better? -ANS>pale colours. gloger's Rule is? -ANS>The ideal body shape for temperatures Allen's rule is? -ANS>the more farther north you travel the less bigger features you have, short extremities are better. (EXTREMITY SIZE) Burgman's Rule -ANS>The more far north you travel, animals have a rounder shape, which is better for retaining body heat.
concurrent heat exchange is? -ANS>gradient and the outside environment. what animals have the counter current system? -ANS>in their snout, (MOOSE+FOXES), breathe with mouth closed in the winter. What is the Rete Mirable? -ANS> Roost Site is? -ANS>shelters that keep birds from the wind and the cold allows to trap some body heat. What does an animal huddle do? -ANS>Retains body heat. Subnivean -ANS>The space above the ground in the winter where animals can get through easily. Lack of air, for animals if they stay down in the space too long. Basking -ANS>animals lay and bake in the sun on cold days, this can be done when the animal is asleep. Torpor -ANS>Entering a deep sleep. What is a frost line? -ANS>the depth in the soil where the ground freezes What is dormancy? -ANS>a type of behaviour used to avoid freezing
what is migration? -ANS>2 way trip, that is unpredictable for animals. What does fat do for birds? -ANS>empowers the flight. when do songbirds migrate? -ANS>only at night. Why do birds fly during the nighttime? -ANS>To avoid predators, nights are calmer (less wind) , air is cooler When do blue jays migrate? -ANS>Only during the day How do most birds find their way? -ANS>by compases, sun the mountains the coast lines, compensate with the sun and at night compensate with the moon and the stars. Constellations are used as compasses. Rhodopsin -ANS>a retinal photopigment. Why do geese fly in a v shaped pattern? -ANS>to conserve energy (free lift) Misnets -ANS>the small nets that songbirds are caught in. what is a geo locater? -ANS>a nano tag is placed on birds feet to track the migration distances.
a Motus does what? -ANS>tracks a single birds location. Cold Hardy -ANS>excess water is withdrawn and evaporated from leaves. Water is then drawn out of the cells, increasing concentration. Protective sugars added to cells, increasing solute concentration. This increases flexibility of cell membranes. Acclamation -ANS>a change internally in the plant. (enable chlorophyll to use suns energy to create heat, not photosynthesize. How many stages are there of Acclimtion? -ANS> 1rst stage of acclimation -ANS>Photoperiod Photo chromes = lightly sensitive photopigments, cause the cell to go dormant. 2nd stage of acclimation -ANS>Triggered by the cold. (Not sub zero temperatures) (10-0 degrees)
Spire -ANS>shaped like a triangle (balsam fir) Spindly -ANS>misshaped (Black spruce) Heat can cause -ANS>dessication on hot days -ANS>animals seek shady sites, some go in water Heat can be shuned to the body by? -ANS>a greater surface area such as the abdomen. Obelisk -ANS>Special body posture (elevate bodies above things) Stilting -ANS>Raise up n their bodies ____ % of heat is lost when the rete mirable is n operation? -ANS>90% honey bees are -ANS>social insects Evaporative cooling -ANS>lose body heat by tongue being open and panting bees also use what to help them cool? -ANS>liquids
Turkey vultures do what to keep themselves cool? -ANS>Urinate on their legs morning doves -ANS>raise internal body temperature to 45 degrees celsius. Hyporthemia -ANS>lowering body temperature Hyperthermia -ANS>Highering internal body temperature some challenges to nutrition -ANS>some plants make their own food, but need many raw ingredients to do so animals eat other animals to receive nutrition. Herbivory -ANS>Animals that eat plants ( leaves, trees, grass, fruit, seeds, liquids) Detritivore -ANS>Things that eat dead plant materials what are some animals that have food delivered to them? -ANS>bears-fish clams- filter feeders. laberal brushes -ANS>pull food into their mouths (filter feeders- clams )
enamel is what on the outside? -ANS>hard why are beavers teeth orange? -ANS>impregnated with iron to give them strength. Dentyne is what on the inside? -ANS>soft moose and deer only have lower incisors so they? -ANS>rip off plant tissues large cheek teeth do what? -ANS>grind up the food (molars + pre molars) ingestion then -ANS>digestion power of the teeth is powered by? -ANS>the jaw muscles most important muscle in the mammal is? -ANS>Masseter Analogous structures are? -ANS>parts of a living thing that perform the same thing but they originate differently. small caterpillars eat _____ X more their own body weight -ANS> slugs and snails do produce -ANS>digestive enzymes
caterpillars and moose dont produce -ANS>digestive enzymes moose use ______ which digests things for them -ANS>bacteria Rumen contains ___ which helps it digest things -ANS>bacteria A symbiotic relationship -ANS>chemicals and bacteria Rumination is -ANS>when the animal processes the food twice by, coughing it back up and eating it again This way bacteria can break it down twice as much. Caecum -ANS>animals process food twice by eating their own feces to break down better what is Coprophagy? -ANS>When animals eat their own feces. how do porcupines extract their nutrients? -ANS>by having large and long digestive tracks (26% of their total body weight)
Water shield have ___ more times sodium than onland plants -ANS> many animals get sodium levels back into their body by? -ANS>eating aquatic plants. Road salt contains -ANS>Sodium Chloride Advantages for eating other animals include : -ANS>easier to digest animal tissues proteins are already packaged in other animal disadvantages for eating other animals? -ANS>- Can be hard to find.
- They fight back
- waste of energy what is a Parasitiod? -ANS>kills the animal from eating away at its insides. how many kinds of parasites are there? -ANS> what are the two types of parasites? -ANS>ones that feed from the inside and others feed from the outside. what are scavengers? -ANS>animals that eat off of already dead animals.
Hawks and larger birds can magnify _____ times larger than how the human eyes see things. -ANS>2- Foveae -ANS>Special pits that capture prey and help track the prey. Glycogen rich rods are more -ANS>sensitive rods in the retina are more ______ than cones -ANS>sensitive frontal placement of the eyes on birds help with -ANS>more depth perception birds can turn their head ____ degrees so they can see better behind them - ANS> dragonflies are -ANS>visual hunters Dragonfly eye can have ______ OMMATIDIA each with 6 or 7 sensory cells - ANS>28. some eyes are specialized for? -ANS>seeing properly whirligigs can see where? -ANS>above and below the water surfaces
