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National Boards Dental Hygiene Exam | Actual Questions and Answers Latest
Updated 2024/2025 (Graded A+)
Sharpey's fibers - ✔✔connect periosteum to bone What fibers of the PDL are the most prominent? - ✔✔Oblique fibers Stillman's cleft - ✔✔v shaped loss of gingiva. Due to bad flossing habits McCall's festoon - ✔✔innertube shaped swelling at the marginal gingiva Drug induced gingival hyperplasia - ✔✔Dilantin (Phenytoin) Procardia (Nifedipine) Cyclosporin (immunosuppressant) dihiscence - ✔✔loss of alveolar bone oval shaped root exposure apical to CEJ Fenestration - ✔✔a window-like opening in the bone covering the root of a tooth bordered by alveolar bone on the coronal aspect of the tooth. Bacteria shape present in early plaque formation - ✔✔cocci shaped, aerobic Bacteria shape in periodontal disease - ✔✔baccilli, anaerobic Bacteria shape present in NUG/NUP - ✔✔spirochetes periodontal bacteria in health - ✔✔aerobic, cocci, gram +
Periodontal bacteria in diease - ✔✔anaerobic, baccilli, gram - Names of the bacteria that cause periodontal disease - ✔✔P. Gingivalis F. Nucletum T. Forsythia A. Actinomycetescomatins Bacteria responsible for NUG - ✔✔P. Gingivalis T. Dentacolo P. Intermedian Fusobactrium Bacteria responsible for caries - ✔✔S. Mutans Lactobacillus S. Sobrinus What bacteria is most commonly associated with aggressive periodontitis - ✔✔A. Actinomycetescomatins Is plankton plaque adherent or non adherent? - ✔✔non adherent how do endotoxins contribute to tissue destruction? - ✔✔Stimulate osteoclast periodontal disease - ✔✔apical migration of the junctional epithelium CAL - ✔✔measures attachment loss CEJ to base of pocket
Margination - ✔✔Movement of WBC to periphery vessel wall Pavementing - ✔✔WBC line walls of blood vessel Diapedesis - ✔✔neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls and begin phagocytosis Chemotaxis - ✔✔cells move to the site of inflammation Neutrophils (PMNs) - ✔✔Function in phagocytosis, it is the most common cell in acute inflammation. It is a key WBC in the development and progression of disease WBC associated with chronic inflammation - ✔✔Macrophage What biochemical mediator allows cells to leave the blood vessels? - ✔✔Interleukins What biochemical mediator is associated with pain and swelling? - ✔✔Prostaglandins P=Pain What biochemical mediator causes bronchoconstriction? - ✔✔Leukotrienes L=Lungs What are the stages of a periodontal lesion? - ✔✔Stage I: Initial lesion (2-4 days) Stage II: Early lesion (4-7 days) Stage III: Established Lesion (2-3 weeks) Stage IV: Advanced lesion (3 weeks- years) In which stage of a periodontal lesion is there no clinical changes? - ✔✔Stage I
Gingivitis begins to appear at what stage of a periodontal lesion? - ✔✔Stage II, bleeding will occur What stage of a periodontal lesion is periodontal disease considered to be? - ✔✔Stage IV Gingival edema begins to occur at what stage of a periodontal lesion? - ✔✔Stage III Diabetes mellitus - ✔✔-Pts at greater risk for xerostomia, caries, and periodontal disease
- candidiasis
- delayed wound healing Scurvy - ✔✔Vitamin C deficiency, it is needed for collagen production and wound healing What bacteria is associated with pregnancy gingivitis? - ✔✔Prevotella intermedia, campylobacter retus How does smoking affect the periodontium? - ✔✔Vasoconstriction impaired neutrophil response to perio pathogens oral mucositis - ✔✔inflammation of oral tissues often seen in cancer pts dysgeusia - ✔✔altered taste urticaria - ✔✔hives emesis - ✔✔vomiting Periodontal presentation of HIV - ✔✔- Oral hairy leukoplakia
- Linear Gingival erythrma
(the picture is of a dogs mouth, but still helpful as a visual) What are the four stages of fibrous repair? - ✔✔1. Blood clotting
- Wound cleansing
- Tissue rebuilding
- Wound remodeling At which stage of fibrous repair is granulation tissue introduced? - ✔✔3. Tissue rebuilding In which stage of fibrous repair are macrophages introduced? - ✔✔wound cleansing Tobacco use affects the periodontium by a. vasodilation b. loss of protective keratin c. reduced blood supply to the tissues d. enhanced phagocytosis - ✔✔C. Reduced blood supply to the tissues The most common type of bacteria on the dorsum of the tongue and other soft tissues in a healthy mouth? a. Streptococci b. Staphylococci c. Fusobacterium d. porphyromonas - ✔✔a. streptococci Porphyromonas gingivalis are? - ✔✔Pathogenic bacillus bacteria that are prevalent in many chronic periodontal diseases Initial gingival lesion (stage I) will exhibit - ✔✔no clinical signs
What bacteria is not associated with chronic periodontitis? A) T. Denticola B) P. Intermedia C) S. Mutans D) P. Gingivalis - ✔✔S. mutans Which of the following is a characteristic of the progression of periodontal disease? a. Cocci b. Motile organisms c. Aerobic organisms d. gram + organisms - ✔✔motile organism Endotoxins A) Is produced by a mast cell B) Stimulates osteoclast activity C) Is produced by B-lymphocytes D) Stimulates the secretion of immunoglobulins - ✔✔Stimulates osteoclast activtity Which assessment finding indicates that a pts periodontal disease progressing? a. periodontal pockets b. BOP c. evidence of radiographic bone loss d. attachment loss increasing over time - ✔✔attachment loss increasing over time Sharpeys fibers are found in - ✔✔Cementum and alveolar bone when probing a class II furcation - ✔✔the probe will penetrate the furcation but not pass complete through
What is cranial nerve V? - ✔✔trigeminal nerve What is cranial nerve VII? - ✔✔facial nerve, it supplies the facial muscles, taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue, and the parasympathetic intervention of the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands What is cranial nerve IX - ✔✔Glossopharyngeal; responsible for senses, taste of the posterior 1/3 of tongue and parasympathetic innervation of the parotid gland what is cranial nerve XII? - ✔✔Hypoglossal; controls most of the tongue movements, important for speech and swallowing. It does not include the palatoglossal muscle PSA block anesthetizes: - ✔✔Maxillary molars EXCEPT the MB root of the first molar and facial gingival tissue MSA block will provide anesthesia to what areas? - ✔✔Max Premolars and the MB root of Mx 1st molar, AND the facial gingival tissue ASA block will provide anesthesia to what areas? - ✔✔Max anterior teeth and facial gingival tissue IA block will provide anesthesia to what areas? - ✔✔All areas of the manible except the buccals of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd molars Mental block will provide anesthesia to what areas? - ✔✔first mandibular premolar to midline. No teeth are anesthetized!! Soft tissue only Buccal block will provide anesthesia to what areas? - ✔✔Buccal gingival tissue of molars What branch of the trigeminal nerve innervates the muscles of mastication? - ✔✔V3: the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve
What muscles open the mouth? - ✔✔lateral pterygoid, and hyoid muscles What are the muscles of mastication? - ✔✔temporalis, masseter, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid Trismis - ✔✔condition that causes reduced mobility of the jaw Crepitus - ✔✔a crackling or grating sound usually of bones, it indicated pathology What are the muscles that are responsible for smiling? - ✔✔Zygomaticus, Risorius, Levator anguli oris Arteries - ✔✔Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart Veins - ✔✔Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart mitral valve prolapse - ✔✔Improper closure of the valve between the heart's upper and lower left chambers. Causes a backflow of blood into the aorta. These pts NO LONGER need premedication pterygoid plexus - ✔✔A network of veins corresponding to the second and third parts of the maxillary artery. It drains the teeth, muscles of mastication, buccinator, nose and the palate Submental lymph node - ✔✔drains the mandibular incisors, tip of the tongue, middle of the lips and the floor of the mouth submandibular lymph node - ✔✔drains most of periodontal tissues and the submental node as well deep cervical lymph nodes - ✔✔drains the submandibular node and walls of the throat During which trimester of pregnancy is the palate formed? - ✔✔First trimester
What is the hardest tissue in the body? - ✔✔enamel How does the periodontal ligament attach to cementum? - ✔✔sharpey's fibers by which age are all the primary teeth erupted? - ✔✔2.5 years When do permanent teeth begin to erupt? - ✔✔6 years old How old is a child when their permanent premolars begin to erupt into their mouth? - ✔✔ 10 - 12 How old is a child when their maxillary centrals erupt? Laterals? - ✔✔Centrals: 7- 8 laterals: 8- 9 How old is a child when their lower canines erupt? - ✔✔ 9 - 10 Bones which comprise the orbit? a)ethmoid, frontal, parietal b)ethmoid, lacrimal, parietal c) ethmoid, sphenoid, zygoma d) ethmoid, sphenoid, temporal - ✔✔C) ethmoid, sphenoid, temporal the muscles of mastication most responsible fore protrusion of the jaw are a) masseter b) temporalis c) medial pterygoid d) lateral pterygoid - ✔✔lateral pterygoid
the articular fossa is provided by what bone? a) parietal b) occipital c) sphenoid d) temporal - ✔✔d_ temporal Wharton's duct empties the: A. Glands of Von Ebner B. parotid salivary glands C. sublingual salivary glands D. submandibular salivary glands - ✔✔Submandibular salivary glands The keratinized papilla of the tongue are a) foliate b) filiform c) fungiform d) circumvallate - ✔✔filiform Three developmental processes must fuses to create the upper lip. They are? - ✔✔globular process, and the left/ right maxillary processes Fetal pressure on what structure can cause orthostatic hypotension? - ✔✔inferior vena cava cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal) provide innervation to all the muscles of the tongue except a) hyoglossus b) styloglossus c) genioglossus d. palatoglossus - ✔✔palatoglossus
Dens Evaginatus - ✔✔- Looks like an extra cusp or a talon
- Comes out of the tooth Concresecence - ✔✔Union of two teeth by cementum Taurodontism is commonly seen in these patients, - ✔✔Down syndrome enamel peral (Ectopic enamel) - ✔✔Enamel on the root surface. there is no PDL attachment, so it causes pocketing Anadontia/Oligdontia - ✔✔Congenitally 6 or more missing teeth Hypodontia - ✔✔Less than 6 congenitally missing teeth What is the most common supernumerary tooth? - ✔✔mesiodens (occurs between maxillary and central incisors) Dentogenesis imperfecta - ✔✔radiographic: Bublous crown with small roots and absent pulp chambers. It appears gray to bluish brown. Enamel can be lost but the tooth is NOT more susceptible to caries Patient presents with mulberry molars and Hutchinson's incisors. What condition do they have? - ✔✔Congenital syphilis What is the only pink intrinsic stain found on the teeth? - ✔✔Internal resorption Due to trauma, results in an enlarged pulp chamber or canal. Teeth appear gray with a brown band at the top. What is this? - ✔✔Brown band = tetracycline dental fluorosis - ✔✔pitting and mottling of teeth caused by excessive fluoride intake. it is a form of hypo calcification
amelogenesis imperfecta - ✔✔incomplete or improper development of the enamel tissue Yellow/brown Pitting of the enamel A flat brown lesion in the muccobuccal fold of the UR quadrant, it has been there for as long as the patient remembers. No pain. What is it? - ✔✔Melanotic macule (oral freckle) Addison's disease - ✔✔A rare, chronic endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient steroid hormones. It causes diffuse pigmentation of the skin (bronzing) (JFK had addisons) Cushing's disease - ✔✔Excessive pituitary gland function, results in "moon facies" and a "Buffalo hump" Which of the following antimicrobial agents is least likely to affect birth control? a) Penicillin b) amoxicillin c) nystatin d) erythromycin - ✔✔nystatin What is another name for down syndrome? - ✔✔Trisomy 21 Nicotine Stomatitis - ✔✔leukoplakia of the hard palate, caused by smoking An african american patient comes in and you note there is a white film on his buccal mucosa that disappears when stretched. What is this? - ✔✔leukoedema A white lesion that can be wiped away - ✔✔pseudomembranous Candidiasis
mononucleosis - ✔✔condition caused by the Epstein-Barr virus and characterized by with enlarged lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy), fatigue, and sore throat (pharyngitis) Will aphthous ulcers occur on the hard palate or attached gingiva? - ✔✔No, they are keratinized tissue What is a blistering disease that is classified by a buttery fly rash - ✔✔Lupus Oral Hairy Leukoplakia - ✔✔White patches Patches of the lateral tongue (#1 stie) Almost assoc w/ HIV (pre AIDS sign) Infreq seen in patients w/ other immunosupp Caused by EBV What is the difference between herpangina and hand-foot-mouth disease? - ✔✔Herpangina affects the posterior oral cavity Hands-foot-mouth effects those areas. Same symptoms and cause by the Coxsackie A virus A white lace like lesion is present on the buccal mucosa, what is it? - ✔✔Lichen Planus, Wickham's striae What is the most common tumor of salivary glands - ✔✔Benign mixed tumor (Pleomorphic adenoma) what condition is it when there is bilateral parotid enlargement - ✔✔mumps smokeless tobacco keratosis - ✔✔wrinkled, corrugated white lesion at site of placement may also have gingival recession, tooth staining and decay Sjogren's syndrome - ✔✔autoimmune destruction of minor salivary glands and lacrimal glands Causing extreme xerostomia
treated with Pilocarpine Cyst that forms around the crown of an impacted tooth - ✔✔dentigerous cyst Odontogenic Keratocyst (OKC)/ Ameloblastoma - ✔✔these two have to be differentiated under a microscope because they present similarly. Multilocular lesion in the posterior with a high reoccurrence rate What is the most common odontogenic tumor? - ✔✔Odontoma Heart shaped cyst on hard palate - ✔✔median palatine cyst Pagets disease - ✔✔enlargement of bone, causes "cotton wool" like radiopacities Bruxism is a pathologic manifestation of which of the following conditions? a) Erosion b) attrition c) abrasion d) abfraction - ✔✔attrition A permanent totth that displays hypoplasia cuased by trauma or infection during development has been termed? a) peg lateral b) mulberry tooth c) turners hypoplasia d) Hutchinson incisor - ✔✔turners hypoplasia condensing osteitis - ✔✔radiopaque lesion at apex of inflamed or necrotic tooth
