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Nasm CPT Final Exam Study Guide: Anatomy, Physiology, Biomechanics, and Exercise Science, Exams of Sport Studies

Southwestern Indian Polytechnic InstituteSport Studies

This study guide provides a comprehensive overview of key concepts for the nasm cpt final exam. It covers essential topics in anatomy, physiology, biomechanics, and exercise science, including muscle structure and function, energy systems, movement mechanics, and common postural distortions. The guide is organized into numbered points, making it easy to navigate and review. It also includes examples and explanations to enhance understanding.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 03/09/2025

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Nasm CPT Final Exam Study Guide
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_n9gla
1. Proprioception: The body's ability to to sense the relative position of adjacent
parts of the body
Ex: when walking our feet give us proprioception about the type of surface we are
on.
2. Mechanoreceptors: specialized structures that recognize pressure in tissue and
transmit signals to sensory nerves.
3. Muscle Spindles: sensory receptors in the muscles that are parallel to the muscle
fibers and are sensitive to change in muscle length. Spindles stretch with muscle
and sends information to CNS.
helps to prevent muscles from stretching too far or too fast
4. Golgi Tendon Organs: sensory receptors that are located at the point where the
skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendon. Sensitive to change in tension at the
rate of change
causes the muscle to relax
5. Epimysium: connective tissue UNDER fascia that acts as an outer layer of the
whole muscle
6. Perimysium: connective tissue acts as an outer layer of fascicles
7. Endomysium: between the individual muscle fibers
8. Type 1 Muscle Fiber: "slow-twitch", smaller in size, lessforce produced,
long-term contractions (stabilization)
9. Type 2 Muscle Fiber: fast twitch, larger, quick to fatigue, force and power exer-
cises
10. Agonist: PRIME MOVER, main muscles
ex: chest press-> pectoralis major
11. Synergist: ASSIST PRIME MOVER,
ex: chest press -> ant deltoid, triceps
12. Stabilizer: stabilizes while prime mover and assist work.
chest press -> rotator cuff
13. Antagonist: Oppose Prime mover,
chest press -> posterior delt
14. Right Atrium: gather DEOXGENATED blood returning to the heart from EN-
TIRE BODY
15. Left Atrium: gathers OXYGENATED blood coming from the LUNGS
16. Right Ventricle: thin walls pumps under low pressure. Pumps to lungs
17. Left Ventricle: thick walls, pumps under high pressure to rest of body
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Download Nasm CPT Final Exam Study Guide: Anatomy, Physiology, Biomechanics, and Exercise Science and more Exams Sport Studies in PDF only on Docsity!

Study online at https://quizlet.com/_n9gla

  1. Proprioception: The body's ability to to sense the relative position of adjacent parts of the body Ex: when walking our feet give us proprioception about the type of surface we are on.
  2. Mechanoreceptors: specialized structures that recognize pressure in tissue and transmit signals to sensory nerves.
  3. Muscle Spindles: sensory receptors in the muscles that are parallel to the muscle fibers and are sensitive to change in muscle length. Spindles stretch with muscle and sends information to CNS. helps to prevent muscles from stretching too far or too fast
  4. Golgi Tendon Organs: sensory receptors that are located at the point where the skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendon. Sensitive to change in tension at the rate of change causes the muscle to relax
  5. Epimysium: connective tissue UNDER fascia that acts as an outer layer of the whole muscle
  6. Perimysium: connective tissue acts as an outer layer of fascicles
  7. Endomysium: between the individual muscle fibers
  8. Type 1 Muscle Fiber: "slow-twitch", smaller in size, lessforce produced, long-term contractions (stabilization)
  9. Type 2 Muscle Fiber: fast twitch, larger, quick to fatigue, force and power exer- cises
  10. Agonist: PRIME MOVER, main muscles ex: chest press-> pectoralis major
  11. Synergist: ASSIST PRIME MOVER, ex: chest press -> ant deltoid, triceps
  12. Stabilizer: stabilizes while prime mover and assist work. chest press -> rotator cuff
  13. Antagonist: Oppose Prime mover, chest press -> posterior delt
  14. Right Atrium: gather DEOXGENATED blood returning to the heart from EN- TIRE BODY
  15. Left Atrium: gathers OXYGENATED blood coming from the LUNGS
  16. Right Ventricle: thin walls pumps under low pressure. Pumps to lungs
  17. Left Ventricle: thick walls, pumps under high pressure to rest of body

Study online at https://quizlet.com/_n9gla

  1. Metabolism: all of the chemical reactions that happen in our body to maintain itself. Nutrients are acquired, transported and used by the body.
  2. Exercise Metabolism: bioenergetics as it relates to the unique physiologic changes and demands on body during exercise
  3. Substrates: where enzymes act
  4. Carbohydrates: Sugars, starches, and fiber. Provide the body with a source of fuel and energy required for all daily activities
  5. Glucose: a simple sugar that comes from the digestion of carbs that is trans- ported through the blood and is used or stored as energy
  6. Glycogen: the stored form of carbs, when needed it converts to glucose and used
  7. Fat: a secondary source of energy
  8. Trigylcerides: come from fats, when calories are consumed but not used they are converted and stored in fat cells
  9. Protein: Amino acids that build and repair body tissues and structures. A third energy source, usually not until starvation. Recommended 0.8 g per day Adults, 1.2-1.7 per day strength athletes, 1.2-1. endurance athletes 1 g = 4 calories
  10. Gluconeogenesis: glucose form from non carb sources like amino acids
  11. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): Energy storage and transfer unit in the cells. When chemical bonds that hold it together are broken, energy is released
  12. Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP): molecule produced by ATP
  13. ATP-PC system: simpliest and fastest, occurs without oxygen (anaerobic), pro- vides energy for high intensity, short-duration ex: power and strentgh
  14. Glycosis System: produces lots of energy for 30-50 sec. Typical bc it falls in the time frame of 8-12 reps
  15. Oxidative System: most complex
  16. B- oxidation: breakdowns triclgycerides into free fatyy acids to produce more ATP
  17. Myth of Fat Burning Zone: higher intensity workouts require greater contribu- tion from fat despite the increase in need of fuel source from carbs
  18. Biomechanics: internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effect produced
  19. Superior: above a reference point
  20. inferior: below a reference point
  21. Proximal: reference closest to the center of the body or reference
  22. Distal: refernence furthest away

Study online at https://quizlet.com/_n9gla increased knee adduction, knee internal rot, foot pronation Injuries: plantar faciitis, shin splits, patellar tendonitis, low back pain

  1. Lower Crossed Syndrome (high butt): Short muscles: gastr, soleus, hip flexor, adductors, lattismus dorsi, erector spinae Long muscles: ant/pos tibilias, glutes max/med, tranversus ab, internal oblique anterior knee pain, low back injuries
  2. Upper Crossed Syndrome (hunch back): short muscles: upper traps, stern- ocleidomastoid, lattismus dorsi, teres major, pec major/minor long muscles: rhomboids, mid traps, lower traps, teres minor, scapular elevation and dec shoulder extension and rotation
  3. Overhead Squat Assessment: sit the height of a chair, arms and elbows fully extended above head. The tibia and torso should be in line Comps: low back arch, inward knees, flat feet, forward lean, arms fall forward ( 5 reps)
  4. Single Leg Squat Assessment: does knee adduct and internally rotate (5 each leg)
  5. Pushing Assessment: does low back arch, shoulders elevate, head move forward? (20 reps)
  6. Pulling assessment: same as pushing assessment (20 reps)
  7. Push up Test: muscular endurance of the upper body (60 sec)
  8. Davies Test: measure upper extremity agility and stabilization. Alteranate touch- ing the opposite hand (15 seconds)
  9. Shark Skill Test: measures lower extremity agility and coordination. clients hops in each box single legged, and will have time added if hands come off hips, other leg touches ground, wrong square, does not go back to center.
  10. Upper Extremity test: Bench: warm up light 8-10 reps add weight perform 3-5 reps, rest, and increase weight
  11. Lower Extremity test: Squat: ...
  12. Flexibility: the ability to move a joint through its complete range of motion
  13. Extensibility: Soft tissues ability to be elongated or stretched
  14. Dynamic ROM: combination of flexibility and the nervous system's ability to control the rom effficiently

Study online at https://quizlet.com/_n9gla

  1. Neuromuscular Efficiency: the ability of the nervous system to recruit the correct muscles (agonist, antagonist, synergist, and stabilizers) to produce force (concentric), reduce force (eccentric), and dynamically stabilize (isometric) the body in all 3 planes of motion.
  2. Postural Distortion Patterns: Predictable patterns of muscle imbalances
  3. Relative Flexibility: the body's tendency to seek the path of least resistance
  4. Muscle Imbalance: Alteration of muscle length surrounding a joint Cause: postural stress, repetitive movement, lack of core strentgh
  5. Reciprocal Inhibition: simultaneous contraction of one muscle and the relax- ation of its ANTAGONIST EX: Bicep curls- biceps brachii contract while triceps brachii relaxes
  6. Altered Reciprocal Inhibition: a tight AGONIST causes a decrease in the function of it ANTAGONIST EX: tight hip flexor (psoas) would decrease neural drive of the hip extensor (gluteus maximus)
  7. Synergistic Dominance: when the synergist take over for a weak prime mover. May cause faulty movement patterns EX: tight hip flexor -> decrease glute -> increase force from synergist (hamstring complex, adductor magnus).
  8. Arthrokinematics: motion of the joints
  9. Arthrokinetic Dysfunction: biomechanical and neuromuscular dysfuction leading to altered joint motion
  10. Autogentic Inhibition: occurs when the neural impulses sensing tension are greater than the impulses causing muscle contraction
  11. Pattern Overload: constantly repeating the same pattern of motion, which could place abnormal stress on the body
  12. Davis's Law: states that soft tissue models along the lines of stress
  13. Static Stretching: traditional; the process of passively taking a muscle to the point of tension and holding the stretch for a minimum of 30 seconds.
  14. Active- Isolated Stretch: suggested for pre-activity warm up; process of using agonist and synergist to dynamically move the joint into range of motion. 5- 10 reps/ 1-2 seconds
  15. Dynamic Stretching: uses the force production and the momentum of the body to take a joint through the full ROM ex: prisoner squates, multiplanar lunges
  16. Myofascial Release (FOAM ROLL): by applying gentle force to a knot the muscle fibers are altered from a bundled bunch to a straighter line.

Study online at https://quizlet.com/_n9gla

  1. Backside Mechanics: Proper alignment, ankle plantarflexion, hip extension, knee extension, neutral pelvis

  2. Agility: ability to accelerate, decelerate, stabilize, and change direction quickly while maintaining posture

  3. Quickness: the ability to react and change body position with maximal rate of force in all planes of motion

  4. General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): how the body responds and adapts to stress Stages: Alarm Reaction, Resistance DEvelopment, Exhaustion

  5. Specific adaptation to imposed demands (SAID) Principle: states that the body will adapt to the specific demands being placed on it

  6. Acute Variables: important components that specify how each exercise is to be performed

  7. Training Volume: AMOUNT of physical training performed in a specified peri- od.

  8. Training Frequency: number of training sessions performed during a specific period (usually 1 week)

  9. Training Duration: timeframe from the start of the workout to the end OR length of time (weeks) spent in one phase of training

  10. Nutrition: process by which a living organism assimilates food and uses it for growth and repair of tissues

  11. Calorie: expression of energy, equal to 1,000 calories

  12. Essential Amino Acids: 1. Isoleucine

  13. Leucine

  14. Lysine 4.Methionine

  15. Phenylalanine

  16. Threonine

  17. Tryptophan

  18. Valine

  19. Types of Carbohydrates: Monosaccharide: single sugar units connected to make glucose Disaccharides 2 sugar units (sucrose [sugar], lactose[milk] Polysaccharides: longs chains of mono. Complex carbs(starch/fiber)

  20. Daily recommendation for Fiber: 38 g/day -> young men, 25 g/day -> young women

  21. Fatty Acids: Saturated: risk for heart disease, raise bad cholesterol Unsaturated: increase good cholesterol

Study online at https://quizlet.com/_n9gla Monounsaturated: ONE double bond, olive & canola oil Polyunsaturated: >One double bond, cold water fish

  1. Lipids (Fats): most concentrated energy source. 1 g = 9 calories preserve body heat, regulate nutrients in cells, protects organs, prolonges digestion
  2. Water consumption Recommendations: men= 3.0 L (13 cups) daily women = 2.2 L (9 cups) daily (add 8 ounces of water for every 25 lbs over ideal weight)
  3. Altering Body Composition: FAT LOSS: < 10% of calories from sat fats, increase physical activity, dec food and bev calories, limit alcohol, 4-6 meals a day, avoid processed food
  4. Altering Body Composition: LEAN MASS: postworkout window- ingest pro- tein and carbs within 90 minutes, spread protein throughout the day, 4-6 meals a day
  5. Ergogenic Aids: enhances athletic performance. Creatine- Typical dosage 20 grams per day for 5-7 days then 2-5 grams per day for maintenance. Increase in 4- lbs, maintenance safe for 2-5 years Ex: Creatine, builds muscle mass, strentgh, and anerobic performance. Stimulants
  6. Stages of change: Maintenance, Action, Preparation, Contemplation, Precon- templation
  7. SMART goals: Specific: detailed description of goal Measurable: quantifiable goals Attainable: right mix that are challenging but in reach Realistic: the individual truly believes it can be done Timely: A specific date of completion
  8. Cognitive Strategies: aim to change a client's thoughts and attitudes toward exercise and physical activity
  9. Positive Self-Talk: help clients come up with a positive list pertaining to exer- cise
  10. Exercise Imagery: the process created to produce internalized experience to support