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Evidence-Based Practice in Fitness and Health: An Overview of Key Concepts and Principles, Study notes of Anatomy

Rutgers University - New Brunswick Anatomy

A comprehensive overview of evidence-based practice in fitness and health, covering key concepts such as opt (optimum performance training), the healthcare continuum, and the importance of addressing chronic diseases. It also delves into specific health conditions like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd), highlighting the role of exercise and lifestyle modifications in prevention and management. The document emphasizes the importance of professional ethics and the nasm code of conduct for fitness professionals.

Typology: Study notes

2022/2023

Uploaded on 12/21/2024

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● Evidence Based Practice

○ Intersection between individual professional expertise, client values and

expectations & best external evidence (peer reviewed research)

● Optimum Performance Training (OPT)

○ STABILIZATION, level 1

■ Phase 1: Stabilization Endurance

○ STRENGTH, level 2

■ Phase 2: Strength Endurance

■ Phase 3: Muscular Development

■ Phase 4: Maximal Strength

○ POWER, level 3

■ Phase 5: Power

● An integrated approach to exercise represents the inclusion of the following forms of

training:

○ Flexibility and mobility

○ Core strength and stability

○ Cardiorespiratory (cardio)

○ Balance

○ Plyometrics

○ Speed, agility, and quickness

○ Resistance

● Deconditioned: A state in which a person may have a combination of muscle

imbalances, poor flexibility, insufficient endurance, or limited joint stability

● The World Health Organization (WHO)

○ Functions as the international public health agency of the United Nations

○ The WHO (1948) defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental, and

social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”

● Spectrum of Health

● Noncommunicable disease = chronic

● The leading causes of death in the world today are classified as chronic diseases and

conditions

● Coronary artery disease, a specific type of heart disease, is the leading cause of death in

both men and women.

● The 2 overwhelmingly leading preventable causes of death in modern society are

smoking tobacco and being either overweight or obese

● A sedentary lifestyle is one of the biggest causes of developing a chronic health

condition, but roughly 3 in 4 adults and more than 80% of adolescents do not meet

recommended physical activity guidelines.

● Primary prevention: treating potential diseases before they develop, secondary

prevention: treating after disease becomes apparent

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● Evidence Based Practice ○ Intersection between individual professional expertise, client values and expectations & best external evidence (peer reviewed research) ● Optimum Performance Training (OPT) ○ STABILIZATION, level 1 ■ Phase 1: Stabilization Endurance ○ STRENGTH, level 2 ■ Phase 2: Strength Endurance ■ Phase 3: Muscular Development ■ Phase 4: Maximal Strength ○ POWER, level 3 ■ Phase 5: Power ● An integrated approach to exercise represents the inclusion of the following forms of training: ○ Flexibility and mobility ○ Core strength and stability ○ Cardiorespiratory (cardio) ○ Balance ○ Plyometrics ○ Speed, agility, and quickness ○ Resistance ● Deconditioned: A state in which a person may have a combination of muscle imbalances, poor flexibility, insufficient endurance, or limited joint stability ● The World Health Organization (WHO) ○ Functions as the international public health agency of the United Nations ○ The WHO (1948) defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” ● Spectrum of Health ● Noncommunicable disease = chronic ● The leading causes of death in the world today are classified as chronic diseases and conditions ● Coronary artery disease, a specific type of heart disease, is the leading cause of death in both men and women. ● The 2 overwhelmingly leading preventable causes of death in modern society are smoking tobacco and being either overweight or obese ● A sedentary lifestyle is one of the biggest causes of developing a chronic health condition, but roughly 3 in 4 adults and more than 80% of adolescents do not meet recommended physical activity guidelines. ● Primary prevention: treating potential diseases before they develop, secondary prevention: treating after disease becomes apparent

● Morbidity: ● Mortality: ● Cardiovascular disease is a broad term describing numerous problems of the heart and blood vessels and includes conditions such as strokes, heart attacks, heart failure, heart valve problems, and arrhythmias. The most common root cause of these conditions is ischemic heart disease ● Ischemic heart disease is characterized by the narrowing of coronary arteries, which supply blood and oxygen to the heart, and is what is most commonly being referred to when discussing heart disease. ● Atherosclerosis is the process by which plaque is formed in the arteries, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart or brain. Atherosclerosis is the most common type of heart disease that can directly result in heart attacks and strokes. It is usually caused by the presence of a combination of risk factors, such as tobacco use, obesity, physical inactivity, harmful use of alcohol or drugs, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, type 2 diabetes, chronic stress, and poor diet. ● Ischemic heart disease : A category of heart-related problems caused by the narrowing of coronary arteries, which supply blood and oxygen to the heart muscle. ● Hypertension , specifically, is one of the primary risk factors for heart disease and stroke (World Health Organization, 2019). Hypertension is categorized by a blood pressure greater than 120/80 (systolic/diastolic) millimeters of mercury ● Systolic blood pressure (SBP) is the pressure in arteries and other blood vessels when the heart is beating or contracting. It is the first (top) number recorded. Sys= system/ working ● Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) is the pressure in arteries and other blood vessels when the heart is at rest or between beats; it is the second (bottom) number recorded. ○ Blood pressure is classified as follows:

Normal (healthy): Less than 120/80 mm Hg
Elevated: Systolic between 120 and 129 and diastolic less than 80 mm Hg
Stage 1 hypertension: Systolic between 130 and 139 or diastolic between 80 and 89 mm Hg
Stage 2 hypertension: Systolic 140 or higher or diastolic 90 mm Hg or higher
Hypertensive crisis: Systolic greater than 180 and/or diastolic greater than 120 mm Hg (Whelton et al., 2018) ● Exercise also promotes positive physiological changes, such as encouraging the heart’s arteries to dilate (i.e., open) more readily, which improves blood flow ● Exercise = more intentional, to lose weight, get stronger, improve stamina, ● Physical Activity = expended through day to day activity ● Planned exercise alone is typically insufficient for acutely lowering and controlling hypertension. However, when looking at the bigger picture, exercise also helps lower and control body weight, improve blood flow, and reduce stress and anxiety, all of which have a positive impact on reducing and controlling blood pressure in the long run ● Dyslipidemia : Elevated total cholesterol ● Cholesterol is a waxy substance found in blood that is made up of a combination of protein and fatty acids, known as a lipoprotein ● When a healthy, balanced diet is consumed, the human body produces all of its own necessary cholesterol ● cholesterol should be frequently monitored to promote health and prevent disease, because it is a major component of the plaque that leads to atherosclerosis

● Two of the most common issues at the foot and ankle complex include ankle sprains and plantar fasciitis ● Sprain : stretching or tearing of ligaments ● Plantar Fasiitis: An inflammation of the fibrous tissue (plantar fascia) along the bottom of the foot, which often results in intense heel pain. ● Possible causes of knee pain include arthritis, acute (sudden onset) injuries, and overuse (repetitive) injuries. ● Three of the most common knee injuries include patellar tendonitis, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears, and medial collateral ligament (MCL) tears. ○ Patellar Tendonitis: An injury or inflammation of the tendon that connects the patella (kneecap) to the tibia (shin bone). ● Flexibility and warm-up components can help to avoid knee injury when exercising ● The lumbo-pelvic-hip complex (LPHC) is made up of the lumbar spine (low-back area), pelvis, abdomen, and hip musculoskeletal structures and is commonly referred to as “the core.” ○ Connects the upper and lower halves of a person’s body ● Shoulder problems may be due to the instability of the shoulder joint or impingement of the soft tissue or bony structures of the shoulder, known as shoulder impingement syndrome ○ Shoulder Impingement Syndrome: Shoulder pain caused by rotator cuff tissues rubbing against the acromion bone (on scapula) of the shoulder. ● text neck is a growing phenomenon that researchers are investigating to identify whether habitual use of cell phones influences neck pain ● The healthcare continuum represents a systematic way to view the healthcare industry through various entry points (i.e., why health care is needed), types of care provided (i.e., which professional to choose), and the intended outcomes (i.e., what the individual wants to accomplish). ○ Long term like hospice or fitness training (preventative) vs short term like emergency room (acute care) ● Allied health professionals: Physical Therapists, Chiropractors, Athletic Trainers, Registered Dietitian Nutritionists, Massage therapists ● No specific legal registration and regulation surrounding working as a Certified Personal Trainer in the US and many developed countries around the world, other allied health professions have stringent rules, which prohibit Certified Personal Trainers from performing certain health-related activities ● NASMs CODE OF CONDUCT

○ PROFESSIONALISM

○ CONFIDENTIALITY

○ LEGAL & ETHICAL

■ According to the NASM Code of Professional Conduct, for how long must a fitness professional maintain accurate financial, contract, appointment, and tax records? 4 yrs ○ BUSINESS PRACTICE Things i noticed come up on practice quizzes often: ● Diastolic vs systolic ● Exercise vs physical activity ● Code of conduct differentiations ● Acute vs chronic ● Leading causes of death ● Most common issues at foot and ankle complex = sprain and plantar fasciitis ● LDL = bad cholesterol