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A comprehensive overview of key concepts related to science, research, and evidence-based practice in the context of nasm cnc chapter 3. It includes definitions of important terms, explanations of scientific methods, and examples of different research designs. The document also features true/false questions and answers, allowing readers to test their understanding of the material.
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Science ✔✔Method of attempting to arrive at objective truths Use of evidence to make explanations and predictions of natural phenomena Hypothesis ✔✔Proposed explanation for a problem or observations Scientific Method ✔✔Process of creating explanations about the world and testing those explanations with experiments and data Evidence-Based Practice ✔✔Three-pronged approach to working with clients What are the 3x prongs of Evidence-based Practice ✔✔Weight of the evidence from scientific research Field observations Individual client needs and preferences Prediction ✔✔Expected outcome generated from a hypothesis. Steps of the Scientific Method (5x) ✔✔Idea - identify the problem Generate hypothesis
Design an experiment Acquire and analyze data Accept & keep testing OR Reject and generate a new hypothesis True or False: Scientists identify what is most likely to be true by demonstrating what is not true. ✔✔True Theory ✔✔Hypothesis or set of hypotheses for which a lot of high-quality evidence has been gathered Anecdote ✔✔Account of a person's experience Uncontrolled Variable ✔✔Variable in an experiment that scientists make no effort to change or account for Primary Research ✔✔Original research Scientists perform experiments & collect data Secondary Research ✔✔Scientists analyze data that has already been collected or published Observational Research ✔✔Observes ongoing behaviors in order to determine if correlations exist
Meta-Analysis ✔✔Statistical analysis of RCTs; a study of studies Empirical ✔✔Based on observation or experience Test-Retest Reliability ✔✔Getting similar results when something is measured under the same conditions Reliability ✔✔consistency of measurement Validity ✔✔Assessment of whether a tool is measuring what it is supposed to measure Selection Bias ✔✔Sample of people is not representative of the larger population Retrospective ✔✔Study that looks backward in time Recall Bias ✔✔Inability to accurately remember past behaviors Case Studies ✔✔Track a single person or group over time Surveys ✔✔Questionnaires or interviews given to samples of people
Historical Research ✔✔Looks at events that already happened and uses them to make inferences about over times and the future Cross-sectional Studies ✔✔Variables in a group at a specific point in time; a cross-section of people Case-control Studies ✔✔Determine if exposure to something is associated with an outcome Uses data that has already been collected Cohort Studies ✔✔Group followed over time to see if there is a relationship between an exposure and an outcome/disease Descriptive Research ✔✔Describes individuals or populations Exploratory/Epidemiological Research ✔✔Looks for relationships between variables in large populations Parallel Design ✔✔Track 2+ independent groups in parallel with each other Factorial Design ✔✔Test the impact of 2+ variables at the same time instead of isolating a single variable