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Neuromuscular efficiency ✔✔The ability of the neuromuscular system to allow agonists, antagonists, synergists, and stablilzers to work synergistically to produce, reduce, and dynamically stabilize the kinetic chain in all three planes of motion.
Posture ✔✔The independent and interdependent alignment (static posture) and function (transitional and dynamic posture) of all components of the human movement system at any given moment; controlled by the central nervous system.
Structural efficiency ✔✔The alignment of each segment of the human movement system (HMS), which allows posture to be balanced in relation to one's center of gravity.
Functional efficiency ✔✔The ability of the neuromuscular system to recruit correct muscle synergies, at the right time, with the appropriate amount of force to perform functional tasks with the least amount of energy and stress on the human movement system.
Cumulative injury cycle ✔✔A cycle in which an injury will induce inflammation, muscle spasm, adhesion, altered neuromusclular control, and muscle imbalances.
Movement impairment syndrome ✔✔Refers to the state in which the structural integrity of the human movement system (HMS) is compromised because the components are out of alignment.
Altered reciprocal inhibition ✔✔The process whereby a tight muscle (short, overactive, myofascial adhesions) causes decreased neural drive and therefore optimal recruitment of its functional antagonist.
Synergistic dominance ✔✔The process by which a synergist compenstates for a prime mover to maintain force production.
Lower extremity movement impairment syndrome ✔✔Usually characterized by excessive foot pronation (flat feet), increased knee valgus (tibia externally rotated and femur internally rotated and adducted or knock-kneed), and increased movement at the lumbo-pelvic-hip-complex (extension or flexion) during functional movements.
Upper extremity movement impairment syndrome ✔✔Usually characterized as having rounded shoulders and a forward head posture or improper scapulothoracic or glenohumeral kinematics during functional movements.
Recurrent inhibition ✔✔A feedback circuit that can decrease the excitability of motor neurons via the interneuron called the Renshaw cell.
Stretch reflex ✔✔A muscle contraction in response to stretching within the muscle.
Static stretching is characterized by: ✔✔The elongation of neuromyofascial tissue to an end- range and statically holding that position fora period of time.
Maximal control of structural alignment
Minimal acceleration into and out of the elongated (stretch) position.
Neuromuscular stretching is (NMS) characterized by: ✔✔Taking the muscle to its end ROM (point of joint compensation)
Active contraction of the muscle to be stretched
Passively (or actively) moving to a new end ROM
Statically holding new position for 20-30 seconds and repeating 3 times.
Neuromuscular stretching ✔✔Is a technique that involves a process of isometrically contracting a desired muscle in a lengthened position to induce a relazation response on the tissue, allowing it to further elongate. Requires the assistance of another person.
Autogenic inhibition ✔✔The process when neural impulses that sense tension are greater than the impulses that cause muscles to contract, providing an inhibitory effect to the muscle spindles
What is the origin of the Anterior Tibialis? ✔✔The lateral condyle and proximal two thirds f the lateral surface of the tibia
What is the origin of the Posterior Tibilais? ✔✔Proximal two thirds surface of the tibia and fibula
What is the origin of the Soleus? ✔✔Posterior surface of the fibular head and proximal one third of its shaft and the posterior side of the tibia
What is the origin of the Gastrocnemius? ✔✔Posterior aspect of the lateral and medial femoral condyles
What is the origin of Peroneus Longus? ✔✔Lateral condyle of the tibia, head and proximal two thirds of the lateral surface of the fibula
What is the origin of Rectus femoris? ✔✔Anterior-inferior illiac spine of the pelvis
What is the origin of Adductor longus? ✔✔Anterior surface of the inferior pubic ramus of the pelvis
What is the origin of the anterior fibers of Adductor magnus? ✔✔Ischial ramus of the pelvis
What is the origin of the posterior fibers of Adductor magnus? ✔✔Ischial tuberosity of the pelvis
What is the origin of Adductor brevis? ✔✔Anterior surface of the inferior pubic ramus of the pelvis
What is the origin of Gracilis? ✔✔Anterior aspect of the lower body of the pubis
What is the origin of Pectineus? ✔✔Pectineal line on the superior pubic ramus of the pelvis
What is the origin of the anterior fibers of Gluteus medius? ✔✔Outer surface of the ilium
What is the origin of the posterior fibers of gluteus medius? ✔✔Outer surface of the ilium
What is the origin of Gluteus maximus? ✔✔Outer ilium, posterior side of the sacrum, coccyx, and sacrotuberous ligament, and the posterior sacroiliac ligament
What is the origin of Gluteus minimus? ✔✔Ilium, between the anterior and inferior gluteal line
What is the origin of Tensor Fascia Late? ✔✔Outer surface of the illiac crest just posterior to the anterior-superior iliac spine of the pelvis
What is the origin of Psoas? ✔✔Transverse processes and lateral bodies of the last thoracic and all lumbar vertebrae, including the intervertebral disc
What is the origin of Sartorius? ✔✔Anterior-superior iliac spine of the pelvis
which of the following best describes how plantar fasciitits has affected the population? ✔✔more than one million ambulatory care visits per year are attributed to plantar fasciitis
which of the following muscles is overactive if the client demonstrates their feet turning out during the overhead squat assessment? ✔✔...
which of the following best describes the purpose of the standing row assessment? ✔✔evaluates the function of the LPHC and the scapular and cervical stabilizers
which of the following is the most appropriate when considering the LESS and tuck jump tests with a client? ✔✔if a client has difficulty performing a single leg squat then these tests are not appropriate
which of the following bones make up the medial longitudinal arch? ✔✔calcaneus, talus, navicular, medial cuneiform, and first metatarsal
which bones make up the ankle joint? ✔✔...
which of the following best describes shin splints ✔✔medial tibial stress syndrome Pain in the front of the tibia is caused by an overload to the tibia and associated musculature
which of the following best describes the tibia and the knww when the feet flatten? ✔✔a flat foot will lead to internal tibial rotation and knees will move in
which of the following goniometric measurements are likely to be found if a clients feet turn out during an overhead squat assessment? ✔✔...
which of the following forces are the most likely to result in ACL rupture if the client does not demonstrate proper neuromuscular control of the lower extremities ✔✔anterior, lateral, rotational
which of the following is the most appropriate sequence of assessments for the knee impairments? ✔✔static posture, overhead squat, single-leg squat, tuck jump, goniometric, and manual muscle testing
if the knees move in during the overhead squat assessment which of the following muscles needs to be activated? ✔✔gluteus medius
which of the following would be the most appropriate integrated movement for a client with elbow and wrist impairments? ✔✔prone triceps extension with cobra
of all the work related injuries that involve the trunk, more than ____involve the low back ✔✔60%
of the following shoulder injuries which diagnosis is the most common? ✔✔shoulder impingment
Clients with low back pain have been reported to demonstrate impaired postural control, delayed muscle relaxation and abnormal muscle recruitment patterns with the ____and____ musculature being most noticeable ✔✔transverse abdominius and multifidus
what is the process by which a tight muscle diminishes neural drive and inhibits recruitment of its functional antagonist ✔✔altered reciprocal inhibition
what is the process whereby a synergist compensates for a prime mover to maintain force production ✔✔synergistic dominance
what motions occur at the knee during lower extremity ✔✔extension, abduction, external rotation
which levers are the most common in the body and have the pull effort between the fulcrum and resistance? ✔✔Third class levers
which of the following is a common static malalignment associated with patellafemoral pain and ACL injury? ✔✔Hyperpronation of the foot
which of the following is an example of the predominantly sagittal plane movement? ✔✔climbing stairs
which of the following is an example of a predominantly frontal plane movement? ✔✔side shuffling
which plane of motion bisects the body into front and back halves and consists of primarily adduction and abduction movements ✔✔frontal plane
which plane of motion bisects the body into top and bottom halves, and consists of primarily rotational movements? ✔✔transverse plane
what is known as the study that uses principles of physics to quantitatively study how forces interact within the body? ✔✔biomechanics
exercises performed in the transverse plane of motion include ✔✔cable lift
resistance training can become a hinderance if the following factors occur ✔✔improper assessment and poor flexibility protocol
what is the term given to an anatomical location referring to a position on the same side of the body ✔✔ipsilateral
the LPHC has approximately how many muscles attached to it? ✔✔ 29
The ability of the body to repeatedly produce high levels of force for prolonged periods is known as ✔✔strength endurance
balance and neuromuscular efficiency are improved through repetive exposure to a variety of which of the following kinds of conditions ✔✔multisensory conditions
the bending of a joint, causing the angle of the joint to decrease is termed what? ✔✔flexion
balance is what type of process? ✔✔static and dynamic
which of the following exercises is performed predominantly in the sagittal plane of motion? ✔✔bicep curls
a cellular structure that supplies energy for many biomechanical cellular processes by undergoing enzymatic hydrolysis is known as? ✔✔adenenosine triphosphate
what motion is the rectus abdominus responsible for? ✔✔concentrically accelerating spinal flexion
when the assisting muscle in the force couple substitutes for a prime mover during a muscle contraction, which of the following is occurring? ✔✔synergistic dominance
performing exercises in the scapular plane of motion is a preferred motion as it decreases the risk of rotator cuff impingement This can be accomplished in which of the following shoulder exercises? ✔✔dumbbell scaption
the functional unit of the muscle formed by repeating sections of actin and myosin and lies in the space between two Z lines is known as ✔✔sarcomere
the single most functional unit of the nervous system is a neuron. What are its three outer components? ✔✔cell body, axon, and dendrites
which muscle is primarily responsible for concentrically accelerating hip flexion and internal rotation ✔✔TFL tensor fascia latae
the core stabilizer muscles are predominantly made up of what muscle fiber type? ✔✔type 1
when sprinting proper backside mechanics include which of the following movements? ✔✔ankle plantar flexion
the core is defined as which of the following ✔✔Lumbo-pelvic-hip complex, thoracic spine and cervical spine
during seated row exercise the motion occurring at the shoulder joint during the concentric phase of the movement is what? ✔✔shoulder extension
which section of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body? ✔✔right atrium
arterioles branch out into a multitude of microscopic blood vessels known as ✔✔capillaries
Trauma to the tissue of the body creates inflammation resulting in muscle spasm and adhesions. If left unchecked these adhesions can begin to form permanent structural changes in the soft tissue evident by which law? ✔✔David's Law
what is the anatomical position that refers to a position above a reference point? ✔✔superior
over time poor posture and repetive movements can begin to create dysfunctions in connective tissue, such as ligaments and tendons, resulting in the initiation of the ✔✔cumulative injury cycle
