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Music Therapy - ANSWER>>a discipline in which credentialed professionals (MTA) use music purposefully within therapeutic relationships to support development, health, and well-being
Music therapists - ANSWER>>- use music safely and ethically to address human needs within cognitive, communicative, emotional, musical, physical, social and spiritual domains
- an accredited MT uses music meaningfully towards a healthcare goal such as speech and vocabulary, physical rehabilitation, self-expression-ie anxiety and stress
Canadian Association of Music Therapists (CAMT) ANSWER>> was formed to ensure there are high-caliber accredited MTAs as well as bring knowledge of skilled music therapy services throughout Canada Federally incorporated, non-profit and self-regulating
University-Bachelor or a Graduate Certificate in music therapy, 1000 hours supervised internship, Certification Board of Music Therapists (CBMT) Exam, MTA Certification, Continuing education - MTA must maintain credentials every 5 years through CAMT continuing education process - ANSWER>>What are the 5 requirements to become an accredited music therapist?
musician - ANSWER>>As an MTA, they must have the following personal qualifications as a ________________:
- excellent functional musical skills
wide knowledge of many types of music
uses music in resourceful, imaginative, and beautiful ways
therapist - ANSWER>>As an MTA they must possess the following personal qualities as
a ________________:
sound physical and emotional stability
a genuine desire to help others
patience, tact, and understanding
reliable, sincere, and professional
clinical objectivity
no - ANSWER>>Is the client supposed to have some background in music to be referred to music therapy?
The Psychotherapy Act - ANSWER>>- enacted in 2007
- proclaimed by the Ontario government on April 1, 2015
- put the College of Registered Psychotherapists of Ontario (CRPO) into full practice as a health regulatory college
College of Registered Psychotherapists of Ontario (CRPO) ANSWER>>- Regulates its members in the public interest under the Psychotherapy Act, 2007 and the Regulated Health Professions Act, 1991
- Only members of this organization may use the protected title "Registered Psychotherapist", along with the professional designation, RP
- Applies only to music therapists working within the Province of Ontario
No. You must meet requirements to practice psychotherapy through the College of Registered Psychotherapists of Ontario. - ANSWER>>Can anyone practice Psychotherapy? Why?
No. Not all MTAs are psychotherapists in practice - ANSWER>>Do all MTAs practice psychotherapy?
No. The initial sessions are often used to develop rapport. - ANSWER>>Does every music therapy session have to include a musical component?
lyric analysis - ANSWER>>- an intervention in which a song is found that captures the client's experience
- often used to convey what the client wants to say and how to say it
improvising - ANSWER>>- an intervention that provides a creative, non-verbal medium for expressing thoughts and feelings
- is non-judgmental, easily approached, and requires no previous musical training
-provides a safe opportunity for restoration of meaningful, interpersonal contact
True - ANSWER>>T/F: Music is a universal phenomenon.
False - ANSWER>>T/F: Music is flexible artistic medium because it has many different styles and a variety of wats in which one can be involved.
True - ANSWER>>T/F: The client does not need to have a musical background.
False - ANSWER>>T/F: Music Therapy is entertainment and refers to playing live or recorded music for leisure.
False - ANSWER>>T/F: Music therapy refers to musical lessons to hone one's skill on an instrument or voice.
True - ANSWER>>T/F: Music is not special music education in which specific techniques are used to teach music.
Referral, Assessment, Goals, Treatment plan, Reports and re-assessments -
ANSWER>>What is the process to receive music therapy?
Yes - ANSWER>>Can anyone make a referral for music therapy?
1 day, 6 weeks, or ongoing to determine treatment plan - ANSWER>>How long does the assessment process take for music therapy?
False - ANSWER>>T/F: An MTA only works with people with children on the autism spectrum disorder.
medical hospitals, clinics, group homes, centres for persons with developmental disabilities, prisons, schools, mental health facilities, private practice - ANSWER>>Where do MTA's work?
universal, multifunctional - ANSWER>>Music is a ________ and ________ cultural behaviour
530 000 years old - ANSWER>>How old is the modern human voice?
bone flute - ANSWER>>What is the oldest known instrument? (Hint: found in Germany)
psychological age - ANSWER>>age determined by the ability to respond to a changing environment and adjust to new situations
psychosocial age - ANSWER>>age determined by cultural views and expectations
dementia - ANSWER>>- an acquired decline of cognitive function represented by memory and language impairment
- difficult to diagnose because there is not enough brain imaging to distinguish between "normal" degeneration and onset of dementia
- can be masked by depression
aphasia - ANSWER>>cognitively aware of what one wants to say — cannot find the words
dyspraxia - ANSWER>>difficulty articulating speech
depends on the client - ANSWER>>When will song writing be helpful?
brainstorming - ANSWER>>a songwriting technique in which clients think about themes and words freely
fill in the blanks - ANSWER>>- is a songwriting technique that involves taking an already existing song, only replacing the words with your own
- great way to make something your own
song parody - ANSWER>>songwriting technique where the words have been altered, but the melody is maintained
song collage - ANSWER>>songwriting technique taking bits and pieces of other songs and sewing
provided a sense of what was happening to him overall ANSWER>>What was the impact of Sam's "Dirty Song" on his recovery?
documented her course of treatment and behaviour trends - ANSWER>>What was the impact of Sally's song parody "Cheeky Nurses" on her recovery?
42 000 years - ANSWER>>How old is the oldest known instrument?
whistles, hollowed gourds, drums, bows, rattles - ANSWER>>What are some prehistoric and ancient instruments?
social bonding - ANSWER>>Why did musicality evolve?
Music promoted ______________ (e.g. motherese, emotional communication, courtship, alarm calls)
fire, hearths, social, 120, storytelling - ANSWER>>What did music evolve culturally?
Controlled ________ and ________ became common between 800 and 400 000 years ago.
The hominims has large and complex brains. They were_______, creative, and innovative. They lived in groups up to ____: required social cohesion, cooperation and coordination.
_________ (often with song) created social bonds.
neolithic - ANSWER>>Why did music evolve culturally?
Near the ________ period, societies were becoming larger and complex. Music became more specialized.
preliterate cultures - ANSWER>>- used complex languages but had no symbol system for reading
- music and medicine were almost interchangeable in these cultures
early civilizations - ANSWER>>- 5000 — 6000 years BC
- Music played an important part in rational medicine
- Music played an important role in magic and religious healing ceremonies
of depression.
-1748, physician Louis Roger published "A Treatise on the Effect of Music on the Human Body"
1789 Columbian Magazine, "Music Physically Considered" - ANSWER>>- First published article written about music therapy
- Discusses principles currently applied in music therapy
19th Century - ANSWER>>- Writing of articles in music journals, medical journals, psychiatric periodicals and medical dissertations became more frequent.
In 1832: establishment of music programs in schools for the blind/disabled
In 1874: physician James Whittaker published article "Music as Medicine", describing how music affects the physical, psychological and sociocultural
- Live music experiments were preformed at Blackwell Island (now Roosevelt Island) on inpatients with mental illnesses
1944 - ANSWER>>In ________, WW2 soldiers were treated using music. Nurses would play music to help with soldiers and their PTSD.
National Association for Music Therapy (NAMT) - ANSWER>>- formed in 1950
- had training programs for the RMT title in the US
- created the Journal of MT
- as a result of this association, the US is mostly considered to be the originator of the music therapy profession
Juliette Alvin - ANSWER>>- cellist who worked with children on the autism spectrum and also those with developmental differences
- founded in 1958 the Society for Music Therapy and Remedial Therapy renamed BSMT
- founded in 1968 the post graduate MT program at Guildhall
1989 - ANSWER>>In ____, the Federation of the European Music Therapy Association was established.
1950s - ANSWER>>In the mid _______, music therapists were working independently in Canada.
- Fran Herman in Toronto
- Norma Sharpe in St. Thomas
- Thérèse Pageau in Montréal
Norma Sharpe - ANSWER>>- conducted a survey of music in hospitals across Canada during the 1960s
- found that many hospitals utilized music and music activities and that many of the staff had musical training and background
- her survey provided baseline measures for music therapists and increased awareness about music therapy
- kept regular contact with individuals and organization who were interested in music therapy during the 1970s
- lead the first music therapy conference at St. Thomas Psychiatric Hospital in St. Thomas, ON
neurologic music therapy - ANSWER>>- an approach that focuses on neurorehabilitation
-a standardized, evidence-based intervention with measurable outcomes
-focusses on physical goals and is a form of post-MT training
-requires additional certification (3-day training and open to anyone in health care)
-bridges between neuroscience and clinical music approaches
nucleus accumbens and amygdala, prefrontal cortex, motor cortex, corpus callosum, sensory cortex, auditory cortex, hippocampus, visual cortex, cerebellum - ANSWER>>What parts of the brain does music activate?
transformational design model - ANSWER>>its purpose is to help clinicians translate research findings into music therapy practice
wholeness "self-actualization", controversy and becoming eclectic
Analytically Oriented Music Therapy (AOM) - ANSWER>>- aka the Priestly Model
- founded by Mary Priestly (1970s violinist and music therapist)
- an approach influenced by Psychotherapy
- developed to include theories of psychology and psychosocial theories
- improvisation in a music therapy session parallels Freud's Free Association methods
- verbal processing is used to make sense of the song writing in sessions
- music is used as a tool to explore a client's inner life
Free Improvisation - ANSWER>>- aka the Alvin Model
- developed by Juliette Alvin (a cellist) in 1950 — 1980
- emphasizes the understanding of the physiological and psychological effect of music
Improvisation demonstrates actual and liberated self
Behaviour Model ANSWER>>- A model wherein music is used as a contingent reinforcement or stimulus cue to expedite or change behaviour
- goal orientated and therapist led
Creative Music Therapy ANSWER>>- also referred to as the Nordoff-Robinson Approach
- devised by Paul Nordoff (musician) and Clive Robbins (British special educator) who worked on the belief that the music DID the treatment
- Founded on the principle of the "Music Child
- Usually involves 2 therapists: one at the piano supporting the music relationship and one physically supporting the client
- Historically used for children with special needs but is used for all ages and diagnoses
- Often taught in some universities as part of becoming a music therapist
Biomedical Model - ANSWER>>a way of describing illness that draws exclusively on biological influences and also, music used to treat pain for a biopsychosocial (limbic system/ memories/social) problem
Aesthetic Music Therapy - ANSWER>>- developed by Dr. Colin Lee; learned in MT education WLU
-music-led and also client-led; MTA follows client's sounds
-importance that music should be beautiful too
Cognitive Behavioural Model - ANSWER>>- provides new experiences and reframes old ones
- good model to take risks and replace irrational thinking
Guided Imagery Method - ANSWER>>- developed by Helen Bonny
- post-MTA training; 3 years additional training
- pre-recorded music (i.e. classical) is used to discuss imagery and evoke inner reflection
True - ANSWER>>T/F: An MTA needs to have a clear understanding of he/her own culture, values and beliefs and how each influences the work
Community Music Therapy - ANSWER>>- takes place in non-clinical settings with a group
- concerned with cultural and social contexts
- making music for the purpose of supporting health, human development, equity, and social change
Eclectic Model - ANSWER>>- humanistic (client-centred)
- The MTA utilizes whatever model(s), within the MTA's Circle of Confidence, that he/she feels best serves the client
unconscious mind to manipulate, deny or distort reality in order to defend against feelings of anxiety and unacceptable impulses and to maintain one's self-schema
repression, projection, displacement, rationalization, denial, regression, sublimation - ANSWER>>What are the different defences?
- __________: what you forget cannot hurt you
- __________: unacceptable feelings
- __________: transferring unacceptable feelings toward someone you're supposed to love onto a safer target
- __________: excuses justify experiences that reflect negatively on you
- __________: deny having negative or harmful thoughts/feelings/impulses
- __________: under stress, you return to an early stage of development
- __________: take socially unacceptable impulses and turn them into healthy behaviours
psychodynamic psychotherapy - ANSWER>>addresses therapist and patient's identification of transference relationship and uncovering the meaning of the relationship
countertransference - ANSWER>>when a psychoanalyst develops personal feelings about a client because the client resembles important figures in his life.
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - ANSWER>>a mental health condition that may develop in people who have experienced or witnessed a horrifying event.
re-experiencing, emotional numbing and avoidance, hyperarousal - ANSWER>>Symptoms of PTSD:
-__________: intrusive thoughts, flashbacks, nightmares
-__________: avoiding people, places, activities; can involve substance abuse
-__________: hypervigilance, difficulty sleeping and concentrating, easily angered and jumpy
safety, remembrance/mourning, integration - ANSWER>>What are the music therapy interventions for PTSD?
- Promotion of __________ in a therapeutic relationship
- __________: techniques to retrieve memories, grief and mourning at loss/change, creative self-expression, corrective experience
-__________: part of one's narrative, reactions to provocations are less frequent and intense
analytic music therapy - ANSWER>>utilizes psychoanalysis in analyzing the clinical significance of music created
vocal psychotherapy - ANSWER>>-
o no brainchild of Dr. Diane Austin
- utilized voice and piano for accessing the unconscious
- utilizes Trauma Theory, Attachment Theory, Jungian Psychology, Intersubjectivity and Object Relations Theory
- toning, Vocal holding, Free Associative singing, Verbal Processing
Bonnie Method of Guided Imagery in Music - ANSWER>>Individually designed music listening programs to facilitate psychological healing
Jungian Music Psychotherapy - ANSWER>>Joel Kroeker's method of analytic music psychotherapy informed by principles and philosophy of Jungian Analytic Psych
true - ANSWER>>T/F: There exists NO normative established values of what cognitive impairment or memory loss or what neurochemical and neurophysiological changes accompany normal aging.
