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Name of Muscle Actions Origin Insertion Head, Face & N eck Epicranius frontalis Elevates eyebrows, wrinkles skin of forehead Galea aponeurotica Skin of eyebrows and nose Epicranius occipitalis Draws scalp posteriorly, fixes aponeurosis Occipital bone, mastoid process Galea aponeurotica Orbicularis oris Closes lips, compresses lips against teeth, protrudes lips, shapes lips during speech, “kissing muscle” Muscle fibers surrounding opening of mouth Skin at corner of mouth Zygomaticus Draws angle of mouth superiorly and laterally (smiling) Zygomatic bone Skin and muscle at corner of mouth Buccinator Presses cheeks against teeth and lips (whistling, blowing, sucking), draws corner of mouth laterally, keeps food between teeth Molar region of maxilla and mandible Orbicularis oris Platysma Draws outer part of lower lip inferiorly and posteriorly (pouting), depresses mandible Fascia over deltoid and pectoralis major Lower margin of mandible, skin and muscle around angle of mouth Orbicularis oris Closes eye Frontal and maxillary bones, ligaments around orbit Tissue of upper eyelid Levator palpabrae superioris Opens eye Roof of orbit Skin of upper eyelid Masseter Elevates mandible Zygomatic bone and arch Angle and ramus of mandible Temporalis Elevates and retracts mandible Temporal, frontal and parietal bones (temporal fossa) Coronoid process of mandible Sternocleidomastoid Together: flex cervical vertebrae and head; singly: laterally flex and rotate head Manubrium of sternum and medial part of clavicle Mastoid process and occipital bone (superior nuchal line) Splenius Together: extend head, singly: laterally flex and rotate head Ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7-T Occipital bone, mastoid process, transverse processes of C2-C
Abdomen Rectus abdominis Flexes vertebral column, compresses abdomen, stabilizes pelvis Pubic crest and symphysis Costal cartilage of 5 th- 7 th^ ribs, xiphoid process External oblique Together: compress abdomen, flex vertebral column; singly: laterally flex and rotate vertebral column Outer surface of inferior 8 ribs Linea alba, iliac crest, pubic crest Internal oblique Together: compress abdomen, flex vertebral column; singly: laterally flex and rotate vertebral column Iliac crest, inguinal ligament, lumbar fascia Linea alba, pubic crest, cartilage of last few ribs Transversus abdominis Compress abdomen Iliac crest, inguinal ligament, lumbar fascia, cartilages of inferior 6 ribs Linea alba, pubic crest Breathing Diaphragm Inspiration Inferior internal surface of ribcage and sternum, costal cartilages of inferior 6 ribs, lumbar vertebrae Central tendon External intercostals Elevate ribs during inspiration Inferior border of rib above Superior border of rib below Internal intercostals Draw ribs together during forced expiration Superior border of rib below Inferior border of rib above Thorax & Back Pectoralis major Flexes arm (PM), adducts arm, medially rotates arm Clavicle, sternum cartilages of first 6 or 7 ribs, aponeurosis of external oblique Greater tubercle of humerus Pectoralis minor Draws scapula forward and downward when ribs fixed, elevates 3rd- 5 th^ ribs during forced expiration when scapula is fixed 3 rd- 5 th^ ribs Coracoid process of scapula Serratus anterior Holds scapula against chest wall, rotates scapula, important to stabilize shoulder for arm movements (pushing, punching) Superior 8 or 9 ribs Anterior surface of vertebral border of scapula
Upper Limb Flexor carpi radialis Flexes hand, abducts hand Medial epicondyle Base of 2nd^ and 3rd metacarpals Palmaris longus Weakly flexes hand Medial epicondyle Deep fascia of palm Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexes hand, adducts hand, stabilizes wrist Medial epicondyle, olecranon process and posterior surface of ulna Some carpals, base of 5th^ metacarpal Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexes middle phalanx of each finger at proximal interphalangeal joint, flexes proximal phalanx of each finger at metacarpophalangeal joint, flexes hand Medial epicondyle, coronoid process, anterior surface of radius Middle phalanges of each finger Extensor carpi radialis Extends hand, abducts hand Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus Base of second metacarpal Extensor digitorum Extends fingers (PM), extends hand Lateral epicondyle Distal and middle phalanges of each finger Extensor carpi ulnaris Extends hand, adducts hand Lateral epicondyle, posterior border of ulna Base of 5th metacarpal Abductor pollicis brevis Abducts thumb at carpometacarpal joint Deep fascia of palm, some carpals Lateral side of proximal phalanx of thumb Flexor pollicis brevis Flexes thumb at carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joint Deep fascia of palm, some carpals Lateral side of proximal phalanx of thumb
Buttock & Lower Limb Gluteus maximus Extends thigh, laterally rotates thigh, abducts thigh Ilium, sacrum, coccyx, aponeurosis of sacrospinalis Iliotibial tract, gluteal tuberosity of femur Gluteus medius Abducts thigh, medially rotates thigh, stabilizes pelvis Lateral surface of ilium Greater trochanter Rectus femoris Extends leg, flexes thigh Anterior inferior iliac spine Patella via quadriceps tendon to tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament Vastus lateralis Extends leg Greater trochanter, intertrochanteric line, linea aspera Patella via quadriceps tendon to tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament Vastus medialis Extends leg Intertrochanteric line, linea aspera Patella via quadriceps tendon to tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament Gracilis Adducts thigh, flexes leg Pubic bone, ischial ramus Medial surface of tibia Adductors Adducts thigh, flexes thigh, medially rotates thigh Pubic bone, ischial tuberosity and ramus Linea aspera of femur and inferior portions of femur Pectineus Flexes thigh, adducts thigh Superior ramus of pubis Femur between lesser trochanter and linea aspera Iliopsoas Flexes thigh/trunk (PM), psoas portion also does lateral flexion of vertebral column Iliac fossa, T12 and lumbar vertebrae Lesser trochanter Sartorius Flexes leg, flexes thigh, abducts thigh, laterally rotates thigh Anterior superior iliac spine Medial surface of tibia Tensor fasciae latae Flexes thigh, abducts thigh, medially rotates thigh Iliac crest Iliotibial tract
