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The Earth, Moon, and Sun: Rotation and Revolution, Lecture notes of Physics

The rotation and revolution of the Earth, Moon, and Sun, and how they affect the change of seasons and day/night cycles. It covers the concepts of rotation, revolution, and the Earth's tilt, as well as the Moon's phases.

Typology: Lecture notes

2021/2022

Uploaded on 09/12/2022

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Name___________________________ Date______ Block______
EARTH,MOON, AND SUN
Motion of the Earth, Moon & Sun
The Earth, Sun, and Moon are constantly
rotating
. The Earth and Moon are
also
revolving
.
Rotation
When the Earth, Sun, and Moon spin on their own axes, they are performing a
motion called
rotation
. It takes one day, or 24 hours, for the Earth to make
one complete rotation on its axis.
Rotation of the Earth on its axis
The rotation of the Earth is responsible for the
change between night and day. When one part of the
Earth is rotated toward the Sun, it is daytime there.
When the same part of Earth is rotated away from
the Sun, it is nighttime there.
The Sun and Moon appear to rise in the East and set in
the West each day. At midday, the Sun appears to be
almost directly overhead. But this apparent motion
of the Sun and Moon is a result of the rotation of
the Earth on its axis. The video shows how the Earth's rotation results in the
change from day to night and back again.
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Motion of the Earth, Moon & Sun

The Earth, Sun, and Moon are constantly rotating. The Earth and Moon are

also revolving.

Rotation

When the Earth, Sun, and Moon spin on their own axes, they are performing a

motion called rotation. It takes one day, or 24 hours, for the Earth to make

one complete rotation on its axis.

Rotation of the Earth on its axis

The rotation of the Earth is responsible for the

change between night and day. When one part of the

Earth is rotated toward the Sun, it is daytime there.

When the same part of Earth is rotated away from

the Sun, it is nighttime there.

The Sun and Moon appear to rise in the East and set in

the West each day. At midday, the Sun appears to be

almost directly overhead. But this apparent motion

of the Sun and Moon is a result of the rotation of

the Earth on its axis. The video shows how the Earth's rotation results in the

change from day to night and back again.

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The Sun also rotates on its axis. The Moon rotates on its axis as well. But we

only ever see one side of the Moon, because it rotates at the same speed that it

revolves around the Earth.

Revolution

When the Earth revolves, it moves in an orbit around the Sun. The orbit is

elliptical, which means that it is similar to an oval in shape.

Revolution of the Earth-Moon system around the Sun

The revolution of the Earth around the Sun and the tilt of Earth's axis are

responsible for the changing seasons. It takes the Earth one year, or 365 1/

days, to make one complete revolution around the Sun. The video talks more

about the Earth's seasons.








The Moon orbits, or revolves around, the Earth, and it also revolves around

the Sun as part of the Earth-Moon system.

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If the Earth, Moon, and Sun were viewed from a point out in space, the phases of

the Moon would look different from how they appear from the surface of the

Earth. The picture below shows how the Earth, Moon, and Sun are placed during

each of the main Moon phases. Notice that the side of the Moon that is facing

the Sun is always bright because it is receiving light, and the side of the Moon

that faces away from the Sun is always dark because it does not receive any of

the Sun's light.

Phases of the Moon

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Between new Moon and full Moon, the Moon is waxing; it appears to grow

larger. Between full Moon and new Moon, the Moon is waning; it appears to

grow smaller.

Earth's Day/Night Cycle

The Earth's cycle of day and night is caused by the Earth's rotation.

The Earth's rotation on its axis as it revolves around the Sun is what causes the

change from day to night every 24 hours. The model below shows the relation

of the Sun to the Earth.

If you were living at point A, it would be daytime because point A is located on

the bright side of the Earth.

If you were living at point B you would be seeing a sunrise. Point B is

experiencing sunrise because it is on the boundary of the light and dark sides of

the Earth and the Earth is rotating in such a way that point B will be on the

bright side of the Earth next.

If you were living at point C, it would be nighttime, because point C is located

on the dark side of the Earth.

The Earth's Tilt

The tilt of the Earth's axis, combined with the Earth's orbit around the Sun,

results in the changes in seasons throughout the year, as well as an increase in

daylight hours during the summer.

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Earth, Sun & Moon

Question 1.

Select the choice that best completes the following sentence:

When an object spins on its axis, it _______.

A. vibrates

B. rotates

C. explodes

D. revolves

Question 2.

The ________ and ________ Hemispheres of the Earth experience opposite seasons.

A. Eastern, Western

B. Western, Northern

C. Northern, Southern

D. Southern, Eastern

Question 3.

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between the Earth

and the Sun?

A. The Sun and Earth both orbit the Moon.

B. The Earth orbits the Sun.

C. The Sun orbits the Earth.

D. The Moon orbits the Sun and the Earth orbits the Moon.

Question 4.

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Imagine you are viewing the Moon from Earth. Based on the diagram above,

which of the following phases would you see?

A. third quarter

B. full moon

C. first quarter

D. new moon

Question 5.

Which of the following causes the change from day to night?

A. the rotation of the Earth

B. the revolution of the Earth around the Sun

C. the rotation of the Sun

D. the revolution of the Moon around the Earth

Question 6.

What causes temperatures in the summer to be higher than temperatures in the

winter?

A. Volcanic activity is at its peak during the summer, resulting in elevated

temperatures on Earth.

B. More of the Sun's rays directly hit a particular region on Earth during the

summer than during the winter.

C. Global warming takes place during the summer months, which raises

temperatures on Earth.

D. The Earth is closer in distance to the Sun during the summer than it is during

the winter.

Question 7.

The figure above shows the Earth at two different positions in its orbit around

the Sun.

In which position would it be summer in the Northern Hemisphere?

A. both position A and position B

B. position A

C. neither position A nor position B

D. position B

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Question 11.

Imagine you are viewing the Moon from Earth. Based on the diagram above,

which of the following phases would you see?

A. third quarter

B. full moon

C. new moon

D. first quarter

Question 12.

The Sun always shines on half of the Moon. During a new moon, the Moon looks

dark.

Where is the lit side of the Moon during a new moon?

A. The lit side faces toward the Earth.

B. The lit side faces away from the Sun.

C. The lit side faces half away from the Earth.

D. The lit side faces away from the Earth.

Question 13.

What defines one Earth year?

A. One revolution of the Earth around the Sun.

B. One full rotation of the Earth on its axis.

C. One revolution of the Earth around the Moon.

D. One revolution of all planets around the Sun.

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Question 14.

Which statement below is correct?

A. The Earth-Moon system revolves around the Sun.

B. The Earth revolves around the Sun-Moon system.

C. The Sun revolves around the Earth-Moon system.

D. The Moon revolves around the Sun, but the Earth does not.

Question 15.

Type your answer in the box. Use numerals, not words.

How long does it take for the Earth to go through one full day/night cycle?

Round to the nearest hour.

hour(s)

Question 16.

The Earth revolves, or moves in a circular pattern, around the Sun. At each of

the positions shown above, the Earth has _______.

A. a different season

B. a different tilt

C. the same temperature

D. the same time of day

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Question 19.

If you lived at point C in the diagram below, what time of day would it be?

A. daytime

B. sunset

C. sunrise

D. nighttime

Question 20.

Based on the diagram above, which statement is true?

A. The Sun revolves around the Earth, and the Earth revolves around the Moon.

B. The Earth revolves around the Moon, and the Earth revolves around the Sun.

C. The Earth revolves around the Sun, and the Moon revolves around the Earth.

D. The Moon revolves around the Sun, and the Sun revolves around the Earth.

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Answers

1. B

2. C

3. B

4. B

5. A

6. B

7. D

8. C

10. B

11. D

12. D

13. A

14. A

16. A

17. D

18. C

19. D

20. C

Explanations

When an object spins on its axis, it rotates. For example, the Earth rotates

once a day (every 24 hours), which results in the change from day to night.

The Northern and Southern Hemispheres of the Earth experience opposite

seasons.

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In the diagram shown, point A is located on the bright side of the Earth. This

means that if you lived at point A, it would be daytime.

The Earth's axis is not at right angles to its plane of orbit around the Sun. It

is tilted 23.5° from perpendicular, as shown below.

At any given time, there is an area of Earth that "points toward" the Sun

more than other areas. As a result, this place will have higher

temperatures. Due to the Earth's tilt, which region "points toward" the Sun

constantly changes as the Earth revolves around the Sun. This constant

change results in the changes in seasons throughout the year.

  1. The Moon is a little different each night.

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The Moon looks a little different every day, but it looks the same again

about every four weeks.

Imagine you are on the part of Earth directly facing the Moon in this

position. The part of the Moon you are looking at is only half lit by

sunlight. Because of this, sometimes this phase is called a half moon. A better

name for this phase is first quarter because it marks the first quarter of a

complete lunar cycle.

The Sun always shines on half of the Moon. People on Earth cannot always

see the half of the Moon that is lit.

The Moon looks dark during a new moon, because the lit side faces away

from the Earth.

From Earth, the shape of the light on the Moon changes over time. This

happens because the Earth spins on its axis and the Moon changes positions

as it moves around the Earth.

One revolution of the Earth around the Sun is the definition of a year.

Specifically, it is an Earth year. An Earth year has 365 days.

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