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Contemporary Urban Affairs
2018 , Volume 2 , Number 2 , pages 106 – 121
Morphological and GIS-based land use Analysis: A
Critical Exploration of a Rural Neighborhood
***** Dr. OLUWAGBEMIGA PAUL AGBOOLA (^1) , Dr. MOHD HISYAM RASIDI (^2) , Dr. ISMAIL SAID (^3) , MA. SAMSON OLUTAYO ABOGAN^4 , MA. ADEBAMBO STEPHEN ADEJUWON^5 (^1) Department of Architecture, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Osun State College of Technology, P.M.B.1011, Esa-Oke. Osun State. Nigeria. 2,3Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Postcode 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor. Malaysia. 4,5Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Osun State College of Technology, P.M.B. 1011, Esa-Oke. Osun-State. Nigeria. (^1) E mail: agbofavour41@yahoo.com , 2 E mail: hisyamrasidi@gmail.com , 3 E mail: ismailbinsaid@gmail.com , 4 E mail: agbofavour41@yahoo.com
A B S T R A C T
The significance of neighbourhood in hosting a group of dwellings units and possessing adequate communal facilities could not be overemphasized in the study of people and place relationships. There are two main objectives of this study: (i) to study the neighbourhood’s associated challenges through the size, growth, and land use distribution, and (ii) to investigate the perceived inhabitants’ activities pattern within the neighbourhood. The objectives are explored through a morphological and GIS-based land use analysis of a rural neighbourhood in South-west, Nigeria. The town is studied in three transformation phases, dating back to five decades using ArcGIS version 10.3. The 1st phase spanned between the year 1910 to 1959, while the 2nd and 3rd phases ran through the year 1960 to 1999, and year 2000 to 2015 respectively. The exploration in this study is to document the diverse neighbourhood challenges, features, and prospects, which remain uninvestigated in the case study area for the past years. The first finding revealed that some challenges needed to be resolved in a bid to meet the residents’ current basic needs. The second finding indicated that the rural settlements in Nigeria emanated from the residents’ adaptation to the environmental conditions, cum transformation through human activities. Meanwhile, the third finding established that the human settlements evolved in connection to the local socio- economic, recreation and religious virtues of the traditional marketplace (Oja). In conclusion, human historical and social influences play a significant role in ameliorating the challenges associated with the spatial developments of the settlements. The implication of the study becomes vital to the major stakeholders and professionals in the built environment on the significance of enhancing the sustainable communities in Nigeria. CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (201 8 ) 2 ( 2 ), 106 - 121. https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2018. www.ijcua.com Copyright © 201 8 Contemporary Urban Affairs. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction Neighbourhood as a place in built environment refers to a fractional part of a city or suburban area which offers a residential environment and allied facilities for lower percentages of residents’ population (Nadeem, et al., 2013). In other words, the neighbourhood could be perceived in terms
A R T I C L E I N F O:
Article history: Received 13January 2018 Accepted 27 January 2018 Available online 4 February 2018 Keywords: Rural morphology; Land use patterns; ArcGIS; Human settlements; Sustainable communities.
- Corresponding Author: Department of Architecture, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Osun State College of Technology, P.M.B.1011, Esa-Oke. Osun State. Nigeria.
E-mail address: agbofavour41@yahoo.com
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution
- NonCommercial - NoDerivs 4.0. "CC-BY-NC-ND"
of residents’ population capacity that may range from 2500 to 25000 residents, with the sizes up to 30 acres (Nadeem, et al., 2013). The neighbourhood environment such as rural town and villages can be studied in its totality of the existing surrounding conditions (Aydin & Buyuk, 2014; Berk, 2005). Similarly, it could be seen as a recognized boundary whose characteristics are derived primarily from its components. The components involve physical, cultural, and social aspects. Rural neighbourhood environment could be described as a fractional key node of activities within a portion of a suburban area serving as a residential environment equipped with necessary facilities for a fewer percentage of residents’ population (Agboola, Rasidi & Said, 2016). Rural neighbourhood indicates a connection between the residents’ population, the degree of its remoteness, and physical features in comparison to what is obtainable in urban or city centres (Salamon & Mac Tavish, 2009). The authors acknowledge, rural as perceptual functions hinge on the population size of the residents and parameter of such locality. The meaning of rural in this study is coined as a place with fewer agrarians’ population of residents having a specific local identity. In this vein, rural neighbourhood according to Duxbury and Campbell (2011) could be ascertained based on a variety of characteristics such as population density and size, socioeconomic characteristics, residents’ status, the level of development, and cultural affinity. The primary function of the neighbourhood is to acts as a link between the physical and social dimensions of shared and liveable spaces (Kazmierczak, 2013). Recent development in the field of rural and urban design, landscaping, architecture, engineering sociology, urban geography among few have called for proper exploration of neighbourhood and morphology concepts with respect to its size, design, transformation, and planning. Morphology is described as the formation of plots, buildings, use, streets, plans, townscapes (Gordon, 1984). The significance of morphology is reflected largely in that it enables the documentation of spatial aspects of urban and sub-urban developmental viewpoints. In the words, it assists in producing concepts and generalizations related to the character and classification of land use within the suburban area, and to the spatial interactions of cities growth, through internal structure and processes (Goodall, 1987; Herbert & Thomas, 1982). In addition, morphology is useful in solving some urban and rural planning related challenges, and appraisal of features and prospect by the decision makers in the built environment (Whitehand, 1987). Historically, the planning idea originated from Howard’s garden city movement (Kallus & Yone, 2000; Spreiregen, 1965) when efforts were geared towards combating problems associated with excessive use of automobiles for daily movement and suburbanization during the 20th and 21st centuries (Nadeem, et.al., 2013). While affirming the associated landscape challenges in Nigeria, Onwuanyi, (2017); Fadamiro & Atolagbe, (2006); Officha, Onwuemesi & Akanwa, (2012) and Agboola, Zango & Zakka (2015b), submitted that the unplanned land use experienced in most Nigerian neighborhoods has affected the adequacy of the landscapes in diverse ways. Therefore, it becomes imperative in studying the transformations in the physical spatial conditions and development pattern of a typical rural town in Nigeria. This is a view of proffering solution to the associated challenges in land use activities. The objectives of this quantitative and qualitative study focus on the followings: [i] studying the associated challenges with the town through the size, growth, and land use distribution [ii] exploring the perception of the inhabitants (stakeholders and professionals in the built environment) on various activities pattern within the town. The two objectives will explore residents’ perception of the quality of neighbourhood land use provisions and transformation in physical development of the neighbourhood. Research questions will answer the following: [i] what are the factors that contributed to the transformation of the case study neighbourhood? [ii] Does the quality of the rural setting affect the perception and interaction of community residents? Understanding the existing morphology of a settlement would
environment react to the transformation process that appears in various ways; such resistance, acceptance, re-adoption, and creation new meanings. These could be traceable to the changes in the physical elements as well as the spaces arrangement (Rapoport, 2004; Ganis, 2009). Meanwhile, the rural neighbourhood composed of diverse open green spaces enabling recreational, religious, social, aesthetic, psychological and economic activities (Kaymakli, 1990; Akinci, 1996; Yildiz, et al., 2011, Agboola, et. al., 2015a). The morphological changes manifest in terms of the social, environmental and economic context that showcased the effect of human cultural actions which culminated in the formation and transformation of neighbourhood built environment depicted in Figure 1. Figure 1. Dimensions of Neighbourhood formation and transformations. Adapted: Pillai, (2013) Rural morphology dwelt with the various forms of historical approach in relation to the developmental processes of diverse historical periods. The approach explains in details the relationship between the social processes and the observed physical development. An environment where community residents live is surmised into natural, artificial, and social areas (Aydin & Büyük, 2014). It is argued in this study that the artificial environment relates to the physical environment as evolved by the human requirement that changes over time. The social environment is coined as places meant for human social interactions. And lastly, the artificial environment is the one influences man-made features such as buildings, roads, and other land features. According to Zhang and Li, (2012); Ariane et. al., (2005) neighbourhood environmental characteristics consists of accessibility, amenities, sociability, aesthetics, safety, and policies. The characteristics of which can either to enhance or discourage people’s perception and influenced by usage, shared experience, and gainful opportunities derived (Kazmierczak 2013; Peter, et. al., 2010). In other perspectives, peoples’ interest has been shifted towards encouraging communities and identifying the heritage values of their locality. For instance, in England community- based work is being advocated by the Common Ground organization which was saddled with initiatives to preserve the distinctiveness of localities. The Common Ground (2009) roadmap project recorded a huge success in uniting local communities and mapping the significant aspect of a place. In Australia, as reported by Stephenson (2010), the Commonwealth government has promoted a technique of cultural mapping aiming at helping communities support the cultural diversity for economic, social and regional development (Commonwealth Department of Communications and the Arts, 1995). Comparing their motive with the Common Ground (2009) their methodology involves encouraging community groups to record and conserve their culturally important resources through various means, such as histories, thematic walks, or improvement schemes. 2.3 Rural neighbourhood services, facilities and Features The rural services and facilities could be categorized as primary and secondary. Primary services and facilities include a general food store, post office, bank, libraries, health centre, and green space such as village green, green street edges. Others include public toilets, public seating, and transport stops. The secondary services and facilities include open spaces like market squares, parks, and recreation grounds, and community facilities such as a stadium. Other includes road lighting systems, traffic signals, domestic water systems, sanitary sewer systems, parks and recreational facilities, public schools,
police and fire protection buildings. These are essential elements useful in providing a livable community, transformations, and enhancing the quality of life (Massam, 1993). Two groups of services are iterated by Jenks and Jones, (2010). The first group represents indispensable elements called infrastructures such as transportation (streets and roads networks), water supply networks, sanitation, drainage, solid- waste management, electricity, and telecommunication. The second group includes urban services and facilities such as educational, health, commercial, industrial, administrative, cultural, religious, social services and green space. Winter and Farthing, (1997) identified local neighbourhood services and facilities in the United Kingdom context and iterated the compositions of a food shop, post office, pub, supermarket, primary school, and open space. Other services that need frequent access include a chemist, restaurant (Burton, 2000a), bank or building a society (Barton et al., 1995) and community centre (Dempsey et al., 2009). Empirical study has reinstated that the environment is capable of encouraging peoples’ physical activity (Goldstein, 2002). According to Onibokun, (1973), a neighbourhood in Nigerian context encompasses physical, social and psychological variables. Consequently, the neighbourhood acts as meeting and connection place make a significant contribution towards fostering community identity, social interactions, and community revitalization. In another perspective, the characteristics and features of neighbourhood possess an ideal place for communal interaction (Aydin and Büyük, 2014). The Nigerian neighbourhood transformation before and after colonialization has affected by people’s culture in the society in recent time. Consequently, the physical and social characteristics could help concretizing a proper understanding of the built environment which has affected the socio-cultural structure of the economic and general conditions of villages. The neighbourhood environment characteristics in Nigeria as presented in Figure 2 could be grouped as natural, artificial, and social characteristics. Meanwhile, the artificial explained in details the physical environment evolved by people over a considerable period of time. The artificial environment is influenced by buildings, roads, and settlement styles. Following this, the social environmental characteristic relates to places where people interact, and also hinged on the residents’ socioeconomic prosperity, cultural attachment, and functional attributes. Meanwhile, personal and social identities of residents such as ownership, belonging, tolerance and respect determine the neighbourhood identity character (Aydin and Buyuk, 2014). Figure 2. Neighbourhood characteristics. Adapted from Aydin and Buyuk (2014)
3. Rural Settlement Pattern in Nigeria A settlement is a collection of buildings where inhabitants live and earn their living (Ahmed, 2009; Olawepo, 1999). However, the settlements vary in size from small hamlets to large cities. Rural settlements according to Weir and McCabe (2012), are areas with relatively low development densities. A rural settlement pattern inferred the manner in which buildings and other forms of structures are distributed in a particular location. The pattern is of significant interest to the geographers, historians, and the anthropologists through the provision diverse level of community development over a considerable period of time. Settlements are viewed as a reflection of structural relationships among the architectural, cultural, and social perception of the
has helped in depicting a graphical representation of neighborhood changes and enables the calculation of the time wise increase in area spatial expansions. This study adopted morphological method as previously studied by some scholars such as Chen (2011); Na et al., (2009) and Doralti (2004). The increasing use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) provides objective measures of comprehension of types and other neighbourhood accessibility measures such as diversity of land use. Therefore the morphology procedures involved the use of maps to ascertain the development and changes in the physical and spatial patterns of neighbourhoods. Three periods were considered in this study namely: colonial period of pre-independence (the year 1910 – 1959); the post-colonial period after independence (the year 1960 - 1999), and modern movement in landscape architecture (the year 2000 - 2015). The analysis procedures included (i) gathering, collection, and updating of existing features and elements of the neighborhood through on-spot assessment, (ii) the maps were produced based on the timewise periods and digitized by using AutoCAD software (version 2012). The digitizing was done for the purpose of exportation into the ArcGIS version 10.3, and for subsequent mapping, (iii) the maps weresuperimposed to deduce the changes in the spatial development and features. In line with the previous study of Malczewski, (2004); geographic information systems were used to determine the various land-uses of the neighbourhoods such as (i) areas covered by the market square as commercial zone, (ii) residential and government coverage areas, (iii) educational institution coverage areas, (iv) religious coverage areas, and (v) green and open space coverage areas. The procedure adopted for the evaluation of the neighbourhood land-use areas of the case study town. Summarily, the examination is based on the physical form of the town, taken into cognizance the link between the physical form and socio-cultural context. The mapping of the neighbourhood is a systematic approach targeting the identification and classifications of a community’s cultural resources (Rowe, 2012). Perceived neighborhood characteristics and preferences parameters were adapted from Handy et al., (2004). The study adopted a quantitative research method using relative Importance Index (RII) to analyze the collated data using a Likert scale. The parameters considered include (i) rating of the present conditions of the neighbourhood and adjoining land features encourages easy accessibility (human and vehicular access, RPN1), (ii) rating of the present conditions of the neighbourhood that encourages safety via quietness and low crimes [RPN2], (iii) rating of the present condition of the neighbourhood that encourages interactions (socialization) among all groups through provision of benches, walkways etc [RPN3], (iv) rating of the present condition of the neighbourhood that encourages peoples’ attractions through the level of its cleanliness, housing styles and streets’ green landscapes [RPN4], (v) rating of the present conditions of the neighbourhood that encourages lots of off-street parking such as garages and drive ways [RPN5]. Respondents (Stakeholders and professionals in the built environment residing in the community for more than two years) were purposively sampled and requested to rate their level of agreement or disagreement with the series of statements on a five-point scale from strongly disagree [1] to strongly agree [5]. Relative Important Index (RII) was appropriately used to cross-compare the relative Importance index among the perceived constructs by the respondents. The formula adopted for relative importance index (RII) is in line with past studies of Agboola & Salawu (2015) and Agboola, et al., (2017) as follows: Where: RII = Relative importance index ∑fx = the total weight given to each attribute by the respondents ∑f = the total number of respondents in the sample K = the highest weight on the Likert scale which is 5
5. Study areas The geographical location of South-Western Nigeria as depicted in Figure 4, lies between the parallels 5.86^0 and 9.22^0 North, and between 2.65^0 and 5.72^0 East with an estimated area of about 181,300 km^2 (Atanda, 2007). South West Nigeria has six states; Ekiti, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, and Oyo. It is majorly a Yoruba speaking area, although there are different dialects even within the same state. The weather conditions vary between the two distinct seasons in Nigeria; the rainy season (March – November) and the dry season (November–February). The dry season is also the bringer of the Harmattan dust; cold dry winds from the northern deserts blow into the southern regions around this time. Ijebu-jesa as the case study neighbourhood lies on Latitude: 7° 40' 57.61" N; Longitude: 4° 48' 51.70" E. Ijebu-jesa is the capital of Oriade Local Government area in the Osun State of Nigeria. It is a commuter city with connections to Ekiti State on one side, Ondo State on another and it has a border with the famous Ilesa township. The area is surrounded by towns such as Iwoye-jesa, Iloko-jesa, Ere and Ijeda. Figure 4. Map of the study areas and its position in Nigeria. Source: Agboola et. al., (2018) and www.google.com 6. Results and discussions 6.1. The transformation in the town’s size, growth and land use distribution system The nature of planning during the ancient period was such that it was undertaken by traditional leaders in consultation with community members based on their social-economic needs. The developments were in form of haphazard with crooked and irregular lanes ended up at wide open space at the centre of the settlement. The open spaces were used as marketplaces (oja) and meeting grounds for deliberations on community issues. This early development comprised sub-divided compounds and occupied by related lineages were in clustered form with small lanes and streets in between them. The rationale for such spatial configuration was to protect the inhabitants from external aggression. Humans operate on various tangible and intangible elements of cultural dimensions. Figure 5; identify the comparison of the land use for the three transformation periods of the Ijebu- jesa built form. Figure 5. Comparison of the land use for the three transformation periods of the Ijebu-jesa built form. 6.1.1. Period 1910-1960 (Phase 1) This historic period covers almost fifty (50) years of existence of the town. Meanwhile, the period is classified as pre-colonial and colonial periods of the open space’s planning in Nigeria (Oduwaye, 1998). At the same time, this period is associated with the existence of traditional landscape. The spatial characteristics of this period associated with the existence of about 2.62 km^2 (4.74%) of
spanned years 1910 to 1959 and that of phase 2 between years 1960 to 1999 have been taken over by residential, educational and commercial structures (Figure 5). This led to a reduction to about 28.48 km^2 (32.09%) in of the land use coverage by the green space and open space areas in phase 3 of the neighbourhood development (Figure 6 and Figure 9). In other words, the expansion/urbanization has further created more spaces for (i) area covered by market square as commercial zone with 2.04 km^2 [2.30%], as depicted in Figure 8, (ii) area covered by residential structures and Government structures with 29.02 km^2 [32.75%] as depicted in Figure 6, (iii) areas covered by educational institutions with 16.38 km^2 [18.45%] as shown in Figure 10, (iv) religion coverage areas with 12. km^2 [14.41%] as revealed in Figure 11. Figure 6. Land use coverage by the residential and Government structures (Km2) Figure 7. Land use coverage by the green space and open space areas (Km^2 ) Figure 8. Land use coverage by the market square (oja) in Km^2 Figure 9. Total land use coverage (%) Figure 10. Land use coverage by the educational structures (Km^2 )
Figure 11. Land use coverage by the religion structures (Km^2 ) 6.2. Perceived inhabitants’ activities on the neighbourhood characteristics and preferences The non-parametric results of a total number of 18 collated survey questionnaires were reflected in Figure 12 and Table 1. The mean and the relative importance index (RII) analysis presented the followings: (i) respondents’ accessibility to the neighbourhood [RPN1] exhibited mean value of 4.61 and relative importance index of 0.92; (ii) neighbourhood safety [RPN2] revealed a mean values of 4.11; and relative importance index of 0.82; (iii) respondents’ socialization within the neighbourhood [RPN3] showcased a mean values of 3.77 and relative importance index of 0.76; (iv) respondents’ perception of neighbourhood attractiveness [RPN4] depicted a mean values of 3.11 and relative importance index of 0.62; (v) neighbourhood spaciousness via the adequacy of market square conditions and green infrastructures [RPN5] showed a mean values of 2.27 and relative importance index of 0.45. From the aforementioned, accessibility to the neighbourhood ranked 1st indicating inhabitants gave the highest priority in appraising the suitability of the neighbourhood in the provision of excellent vehicular and pedestrian accessibilities. In other words, the neighbourhood accessibility has been considered in this study as an important aspect of sustainable neighbourhood development, particularly in the social well-being dimension as supported by past study of (Lynch et al., 2011). Accessibility remains the basic requirements to meet residents’ free entry thus tends to enhance residents’ quality of living (Lau & Chiu, 2003; Landry & Chakraborty, 2009). More importantly, accessibility was identified as an important aspect of environmental determinants for residents’ physical activity. Ranked 2nd was the neighbourhood safety. The security and safety available in the neighbourhood space influence the quality attached by the residents. This is in line with the previous study of McCormack & Shiell (2011) in which the residents’ safety is considered vital in the overall neighbourhood design. Socialization within the neighbourhood signified interactions among the diverse ethnic residents. Thus, it is ranked 3rd in the hierarchy. The result of the survey demonstrated that the neighbourhood forms could allow interaction among residents. Due to the low ranking, it is expected that an improvement is needed in the provision of adequate benches, walkways, seat out among others. This is corroborated by the researchers in the field of urban design and planning in which neighbourhood space established as an essential ingredient for social interaction and daily life experience (Madanipour, 1992; Worpole, 1992; Calthorpe, 1993; Pasaogullari & Doratli, 2004). The outcome of the analysis placed respondents’ perception on neighbourhood attractiveness 4th in the rank. The attractive appearance of the neighbourhood could be judged in terms of the level of upkeep, variety in housing styles and street landscape, settings and fittings (Sallis, Bauman, & Pratt, 1998). Similarly, it relates to the perception of the physical judgment of neighbourhood by the residents via its aesthetics. However, the low ranking in the residents’ perception in this respect suggests a need for an improvement and proper maintenance. Advocacy for proper neighbourhood facilities and amenities would better enhance its beauty and attractiveness. Last ranked ( 5 th) was ascribed to residents’ perception of the neighbourhood spaciousness via the provision of the well- landscaped market square and green infrastructures. This lowest ranking indicates that much effort is needed to enhance neighbourhood spaciousness. The design and
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