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Useful cheat sheet of Molecular Biology with the main concepts and examples
Typology: Cheat Sheet
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C C C A
codon
Nucleotides A, C, G, T
exon intron
Mother DNA Father DNA
Daughter DNA
C G A A T C C T
exon
Molecular Biology Primer by Angela Brooks, Raymond Brown, Calvin Chen, Mike Daly, Hoa Dinh, Erinn Hama, Robert Hinman, Julio Ng, Michael Sneddon, Hoa Troung, Jerry Wang, Che Fung Yung Edited for Introduction to Bioinformatics (Autumn 2007, Summer 2008, Autumn 2008) by Esa Pitkänen
Cells
Fundamental working units of every living system.
Every organism is composed of one of two radically different types of
cells:
prokaryotic cells or
eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes are descended from the same primitive
cell.
All prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are the result of a total of 3.5 billion years
of evolution.
Two types of cells: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
All Cells have common Cycles
Born, eat, replicate, and die
Chemical energy is stored in ATP
Genetic information is encoded by DNA
Information is transcribed into RNA
There is a common triplet genetic code
Translation into proteins involves ribosomes
Shared metabolic pathways
Similar proteins among diverse groups of organisms
Discovery of the structure of DNA
1952-1953 James D. Watson and Francis H. C. Crick deduced the
double helical structure of DNA from X-ray diffraction images by Rosalind Franklin and data on amounts of nucleotides in DNA
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Chromatin_Structures.png
In eukaryotes, DNA is packed into chromatids
In prokaryotes, DNA is usually contained in a single, circular
chromosome
Somatic cells in humans have 2
pairs of 22 chromosomes + XX (female) or XY (male) = total of 46 chromosomes
Germline cells have 22
chromosomes + either X or Y = total of 23 chromosomes
Karyogram of human male using Giemsa staining (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyotype)
1 atgagccaag ttccgaacaa ggattcgcgg ggaggataga tcagcgcccg agaggggtga 61 gtcggtaaag agcattggaa cgtcggagat acaactccca agaaggaaaa aagagaaagc 121 aagaagcgga tgaatttccc cataacgcca gtgaaactct aggaagggga aagagggaag 181 gtggaagaga aggaggcggg cctcccgatc cgaggggccc ggcggccaag tttggaggac 241 actccggccc gaagggttga gagtacccca gagggaggaa gccacacgga gtagaacaga 301 gaaatcacct ccagaggacc ccttcagcga acagagagcg catcgcgaga gggagtagac 361 catagcgata ggaggggatg ctaggagttg ggggagaccg aagcgaggag gaaagcaaag 421 agagcagcgg ggctagcagg tgggtgttcc gccccccgag aggggacgag tgaggcttat 481 cccggggaac tcgacttatc gtccccacat agcagactcc cggaccccct ttcaaagtga 541 ccgagggggg tgactttgaa cattggggac cagtggagcc atgggatgct cctcccgatt 601 ccgcccaagc tccttccccc caagggtcgc ccaggaatgg cgggacccca ctctgcaggg 661 tccgcgttcc atcctttctt acctgatggc cggcatggtc ccagcctcct cgctggcgcc 721 ggctgggcaa cattccgagg ggaccgtccc ctcggtaatg gcgaatggga cccacaaatc 781 tctctagctt cccagagaga agcgagagaa aagtggctct cccttagcca tccgagtgga 841 cgtgcgtcct ccttcggatg cccaggtcgg accgcgagga ggtggagatg ccatgccgac 901 ccgaagagga aagaaggacg cgagacgcaa acctgcgagt ggaaacccgc tttattcact 961 ggggtcgaca actctgggga gaggagggag ggtcggctgg gaagagtata tcctatggga 1021 atccctggct tccccttatg tccagtccct ccccggtccg agtaaagggg gactccggga 1081 ctccttgcat gctggggacg aagccgcccc cgggcgctcc cctcgttcca ccttcgaggg 1141 ggttcacacc cccaacctgc gggccggcta ttcttctttc ccttctctcg tcttcctcgg 1201 tcaacctcct aagttcctct tcctcctcct tgctgaggtt ctttcccccc gccgatagct 1261 gctttctctt gttctcgagg gccttccttc gtcggtgatc ctgcctctcc ttgtcggtga 1321 atcctcccct ggaaggcctc ttcctaggtc cggagtctac ttccatctgg tccgttcggg 1381 ccctcttcgc cgggggagcc ccctctccat ccttatcttt ctttccgaga attcctttga 1441 tgtttcccag ccagggatgt tcatcctcaa gtttcttgat tttcttctta accttccgga 1501 ggtctctctc gagttcctct aacttctttc ttccgctcac ccactgctcg agaacctctt 1561 ctctcccccc gcggtttttc cttccttcgg gccggctcat cttcgactag aggcgacggt 1621 cctcagtact cttactcttt tctgtaaaga ggagactgct ggccctgtcg cccaagttcg 1681 ag
RNA is similar to DNA chemically. It is usually only a single
strand. T(hyamine) is replaced by U(racil)
Several types of RNA exist for different functions in the cell.
tRNA linear and 3D view: http://www.cgl.ucsf.edu/home/glasfeld/tutorial/trna/trna.gif
Proteins are polypeptides
(strings of amino acid residues)
Represented using strings of
letters from an alphabet of 20: AEGLV…WKKLAG
Typical length 50…
residues
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Amino_acids_2.png
