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Molecular Biology Cheat Sheet, Cheat Sheet of Molecular biology

Useful cheat sheet of Molecular Biology with the main concepts and examples

Typology: Cheat Sheet

2019/2020
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Uploaded on 11/27/2020

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C C C A
Molecular biology cheat sheet
…ATGGATGTAGGTGAGTAG…TCGATGCAAGGGGCTGATGCTGTACCACTAA…
…AUGGAUGUAGAUGGGCUGAUGCUGUACCACUAA
MDVDGLMLYH
transcription
translation
Gene regulation
entsyme
DNA
RNA
Protein
codon
Nucleotides A, C, G, T
…TACCTACATCCACTCATC…AGCTACGTTCCCCGACTACGACATGGTGATT
5’ 3’
gene
exon intron
Mother DNA Father DNA
Daughter DNA
C G A A T C C T
recombination
exon
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe
pff
pf12
pf13
pf14
pf15
pf16
pf17
pf18
pf19
pf1a
pf1b
pf1c
pf1d
pf1e
pf1f
pf20
pf21
pf22
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C C C A

Molecular biology cheat sheet

…ATGGATGTAGGTGAGTAG…TCGATGCAAGGGGCTGATGCTGTACCACTAA…

…AUGGAUGUAGAUGGGCUGAUGCUGUACCACUAA

MDVDGLMLYH

transcription

translation

Gene regulation

entsyme

DNA

RNA

Protein

codon

Nucleotides A, C, G, T

…TACCTACATCCACTCATC…AGCTACGTTCCCCGACTACGACATGGTGATT

gene

exon intron

Mother DNA Father DNA

Daughter DNA

C G A A T C C T

recombination

exon

Molecular biology primer

Molecular Biology Primer by Angela Brooks, Raymond Brown, Calvin Chen, Mike Daly, Hoa Dinh, Erinn Hama, Robert Hinman, Julio Ng, Michael Sneddon, Hoa Troung, Jerry Wang, Che Fung Yung Edited for Introduction to Bioinformatics (Autumn 2007, Summer 2008, Autumn 2008) by Esa Pitkänen

Cells

Fundamental working units of every living system.

 Every organism is composed of one of two radically different types of

cells:

prokaryotic cells or

eukaryotic cells.

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes are descended from the same primitive

cell.

 All prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are the result of a total of 3.5 billion years

of evolution.

Two types of cells: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

All Cells have common Cycles

 Born, eat, replicate, and die

Common features of organisms

 Chemical energy is stored in ATP

 Genetic information is encoded by DNA

 Information is transcribed into RNA

 There is a common triplet genetic code

 Translation into proteins involves ribosomes

 Shared metabolic pathways

 Similar proteins among diverse groups of organisms

DNA: The Code of Life

 The structure and the four genomic letters code for all living organisms

 Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine which pair A-T and C-G on

complimentary strands.

Discovery of the structure of DNA

1952-1953 James D. Watson and Francis H. C. Crick deduced the

double helical structure of DNA from X-ray diffraction images by Rosalind Franklin and data on amounts of nucleotides in DNA

James Watson and

Francis Crick

Rosalind

Franklin

”Photo 51”

DNA is contained in chromosomes

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Chromatin_Structures.png

 In eukaryotes, DNA is packed into chromatids

 In metaphase, the “X” structure consists of two identical chromatids

 In prokaryotes, DNA is usually contained in a single, circular

chromosome

Human chromosomes

 Somatic cells in humans have 2

pairs of 22 chromosomes + XX (female) or XY (male) = total of 46 chromosomes

 Germline cells have 22

chromosomes + either X or Y = total of 23 chromosomes

Karyogram of human male using Giemsa staining (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyotype)

1 atgagccaag ttccgaacaa ggattcgcgg ggaggataga tcagcgcccg agaggggtga 61 gtcggtaaag agcattggaa cgtcggagat acaactccca agaaggaaaa aagagaaagc 121 aagaagcgga tgaatttccc cataacgcca gtgaaactct aggaagggga aagagggaag 181 gtggaagaga aggaggcggg cctcccgatc cgaggggccc ggcggccaag tttggaggac 241 actccggccc gaagggttga gagtacccca gagggaggaa gccacacgga gtagaacaga 301 gaaatcacct ccagaggacc ccttcagcga acagagagcg catcgcgaga gggagtagac 361 catagcgata ggaggggatg ctaggagttg ggggagaccg aagcgaggag gaaagcaaag 421 agagcagcgg ggctagcagg tgggtgttcc gccccccgag aggggacgag tgaggcttat 481 cccggggaac tcgacttatc gtccccacat agcagactcc cggaccccct ttcaaagtga 541 ccgagggggg tgactttgaa cattggggac cagtggagcc atgggatgct cctcccgatt 601 ccgcccaagc tccttccccc caagggtcgc ccaggaatgg cgggacccca ctctgcaggg 661 tccgcgttcc atcctttctt acctgatggc cggcatggtc ccagcctcct cgctggcgcc 721 ggctgggcaa cattccgagg ggaccgtccc ctcggtaatg gcgaatggga cccacaaatc 781 tctctagctt cccagagaga agcgagagaa aagtggctct cccttagcca tccgagtgga 841 cgtgcgtcct ccttcggatg cccaggtcgg accgcgagga ggtggagatg ccatgccgac 901 ccgaagagga aagaaggacg cgagacgcaa acctgcgagt ggaaacccgc tttattcact 961 ggggtcgaca actctgggga gaggagggag ggtcggctgg gaagagtata tcctatggga 1021 atccctggct tccccttatg tccagtccct ccccggtccg agtaaagggg gactccggga 1081 ctccttgcat gctggggacg aagccgcccc cgggcgctcc cctcgttcca ccttcgaggg 1141 ggttcacacc cccaacctgc gggccggcta ttcttctttc ccttctctcg tcttcctcgg 1201 tcaacctcct aagttcctct tcctcctcct tgctgaggtt ctttcccccc gccgatagct 1261 gctttctctt gttctcgagg gccttccttc gtcggtgatc ctgcctctcc ttgtcggtga 1321 atcctcccct ggaaggcctc ttcctaggtc cggagtctac ttccatctgg tccgttcggg 1381 ccctcttcgc cgggggagcc ccctctccat ccttatcttt ctttccgaga attcctttga 1441 tgtttcccag ccagggatgt tcatcctcaa gtttcttgat tttcttctta accttccgga 1501 ggtctctctc gagttcctct aacttctttc ttccgctcac ccactgctcg agaacctctt 1561 ctctcccccc gcggtttttc cttccttcgg gccggctcat cttcgactag aggcgacggt 1621 cctcagtact cttactcttt tctgtaaaga ggagactgct ggccctgtcg cccaagttcg 1681 ag

Hepatitis delta virus, complete genome

RNA

 RNA is similar to DNA chemically. It is usually only a single

strand. T(hyamine) is replaced by U(racil)

 Several types of RNA exist for different functions in the cell.

tRNA linear and 3D view: http://www.cgl.ucsf.edu/home/glasfeld/tutorial/trna/trna.gif

Proteins

 Proteins are polypeptides

(strings of amino acid residues)

 Represented using strings of

letters from an alphabet of 20: AEGLV…WKKLAG

 Typical length 50…

residues

Urease enzyme from Helicobacter pylori

Amino acids

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Amino_acids_2.png