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Molecular Biology and Genetics: Understanding Protein Synthesis, Mutations, and Immune Sys, Exams of Nursing

This comprehensive overview covers key concepts in molecular biology and genetics, including protein synthesis, mutations, and the immune system. It explores transcription, translation, protein classes, and various mutation types. The document also examines specific and non-specific immunity, immune system failures, antigens, antibodies, and allergic reactions. Additionally, it discusses infectious diseases, viral history, and cellular life characteristics, making it a valuable resource for university-level students in molecular biology, genetics, and immunology.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 08/24/2024

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Nats 1670 Final Exam Questions with
100% Correct Answers | Latest Version
2024 | Verified
What was the life expectancy in the early 1900's? - ✔✔Under the age of 50, with a 25% child mortality
rate.
When was the first vaccine created? - ✔✔1880
____________ _____________ can reduce life expectancy dramatically, due to the lack of
__________________. - ✔✔INFECTIOUS DISEASES can reduce life expectancy dramatically, due to the
lack of CONTROL.
Upon early discover, microbes were viewed as? - ✔✔Enemies, until used in medicine.
What are the beneficial roles of microbes? - ✔✔- waste breakdown/food production
- provides protection against more virulent microbe
- drug preparation (penicillin, insulin)
- making vitamins
- digestion
What does mutual life mean, when in context with microbes? - ✔✔Microbes keep us alive and we keep
them alive.
What is a chronic disease? - ✔✔a disease that does NOT kill its host quickly
What is an acute disease? - ✔✔A disease that DOES cause death quickly.
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Download Molecular Biology and Genetics: Understanding Protein Synthesis, Mutations, and Immune Sys and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

Nats 1670 Final Exam Questions with

100% Correct Answers | Latest Version

2024 | Verified

What was the life expectancy in the early 1900's? - ✔✔Under the age of 50, with a 25% child mortality rate. When was the first vaccine created? - ✔✔ 1880 ____________ _____________ can reduce life expectancy dramatically, due to the lack of __________________. - ✔✔INFECTIOUS DISEASES can reduce life expectancy dramatically, due to the lack of CONTROL. Upon early discover, microbes were viewed as? - ✔✔Enemies, until used in medicine. What are the beneficial roles of microbes? - ✔✔- waste breakdown/food production

  • provides protection against more virulent microbe
  • drug preparation (penicillin, insulin)
  • making vitamins
  • digestion What does mutual life mean, when in context with microbes? - ✔✔Microbes keep us alive and we keep them alive. What is a chronic disease? - ✔✔a disease that does NOT kill its host quickly What is an acute disease? - ✔✔A disease that DOES cause death quickly.

What does the natural evolution of a microbe operate on? - ✔✔The natural evolution of a microbe operates on its spreading capacity. NOT the ability to cause disease What does microbial natural selection favour? - ✔✔Microbial natural selection favours less or non- violent microbes. Which kind of microbes can live in a host WITHOUT causing damage? - ✔✔Microbes that are well- adapted to its host What epidemics were caused by microbes? - ✔✔- Small Pox

  • Bubonic Plague
  • Spanish Influenza What were the three causes that moved society away from Infectious Diseases? - ✔✔- Better Sanitation
  • Vaccines
  • Antibiotics Why will society never be clear of infectious diseases? - ✔✔- development of drug resistant strains
  • outbreaks of existing diseases
  • New disease causing agents What does Dr. Margret Chan believe will happen in the future? - ✔✔-We risk entering a post-antibiotic era
  • this will cause an end to modern medicine What is Necrotizing Fasciitis - ✔✔Flesh eating Disease Who is to blame for the development of Drug-resistant strains? - ✔✔- Farmers
  • Health Workers
  • Patients
  • International Travel
  • Sexual Activity
  • Human Susceptibility to infection
  • Poverty, Malnutrition, Poor Sanitation
  • Changing Ecosystems
  • Global Warming
  • Climate and Weather
  • Wars
  • Bioterrorism What is Light Microscopy - ✔✔- you can only see the shape of the cell Electron Microscopy - ✔✔- allows you to see the inner parts, allowing you to learn more What is a cell - ✔✔the basic unit of life What is a Unicellular cell - ✔✔a single cell organism What is a multi-cellular cell - ✔✔a cell made up of several to billions of cells What is a prokaryote - ✔✔a cell without a nucleus what is a eukaryote - ✔✔a cell with a nucleus What is the plasma membrane - ✔✔- separates the inside of a cell from the outside environment
  • provides a surface on which chemical reactions occur
  • regulates passage of materials into.out of the cells
  • separates cells from one another

What is the Membrane Structure - ✔✔a structure of phospholipids is responsible for the basic functions of membranes and barriers between two polar compartments What is a phospolipid? - ✔✔- has one

  • hyprophilic head (loves H2O)
  • hydrophobic tail (hates H2O) What is the structure of the plasma membrane - ✔✔HEAD phosphate + glycerol and hydrophilic TAIL hydrophobic portion of two molecules or tend to associate with each other Why is the plasma membrane considered a stable barrier - ✔✔plasma membrane forms a stable barrier between two polar compartments
  • because the interior of the phospholipid bilayer is occupied by the hydrophobic fatty acid chains, the membrane in impermeable to H2O Why is the plasma membrane a flexible barrier - ✔✔bilayers of naturally occurring phospholipids are flexible jelly-like fluids, not solids What is an organelle - ✔✔provide compartments in which specific cellular activity occurs What is a vesicle - ✔✔- pocket made out of membrane that is separated from the cytoplasm of a cell
  • a carrier molecule in and out of the cells without crossing the membrane
  • penetration by fusion What is a Lysosome - ✔✔- the garbage disposal system
  • breaks down molecules into their base components using strong digestive enzymes

What are the three different shapes of cells - ✔✔Rod-like - > bacillus Spherical - > coccus Spiral - > spirillum What are the conditions for cellular life - ✔✔- temperature

  • PH
  • Water
  • Salt
  • Oxygen availability
  • Nutrient availability What are the three temperatures - ✔✔Psychropiles - > grow best below 20C Mesophiles - > grows best between 20-50C Thermophiles - > grows best above 50C What affect does pH have on cells - ✔✔Acidophilus - > growns well at a pH of 1- 2 Neutrophile - > grows well at a neutral pH Alkaliphile - > grows well at a pH as high as 9 What affect does oxygen availability have on cells - ✔✔Aerobic - > Require O2 for growth Anaerobic - > Requires lack of O2 for growth What is an atom - ✔✔smallest chemical unit of matter What is a molecule - ✔✔two or more atoms held together by chemical bond What is DNA - ✔✔the molecule responsible for the transmission of information from one generation to the next in most forms of life on this planet

What are the complimentary base pairs - ✔✔A-T C-G What is the structure of DNA - ✔✔two strands running in two different directions held together by complimentary base pairing

  • creating a double helix Who discovered complimentary base pairs - ✔✔Erwin Chargaff What are the two functional roles of DNA - ✔✔1) Duplication
  • molecule must be replicated and transmitted to each cell division
  1. Information
  • molecule contains information expressed in the sequence of the nucleotide What are the stages of DNA replication - ✔✔1.) DNA polymerase catalyzes the addition of deoxyribonucleotide units to a DNA chain 2.) DNA polymerase is a template-directed enzyme that synthesizes a product with a base sequence complementary to that of the template 3.) DNA polymerizes catalyze the formation of a phosphodiester bond efficiently only if the base on the incoming nucleotide is complementary to the base on the template strand 4.) The new DNA chain is assembled directly on a pre-existing DNA template 5.) The template DNA must be bound to a primer strand having a free 3' 6.)The chain-elongation reaction catalyzed by DNA polymerases from the 5' to the 3' of the elongated DNA What is transcription - ✔✔DNA is transcribed into RNA RNA is translated to form polypeptides DNA itself is used for storage and transmission translation is the process of releasing information contained in a DNA template

what is termination - ✔✔transcription ends at the termination site

  • RNA polymerase encounters a trans termination signal that causes RNA to form a unique structure that helps it dissociate from the DNA from the RNA polymerase What are the major classes of proteins - ✔✔- Enzymatic
  • Regulatory
  • Structural What is an Enzymatic Protein - ✔✔catalysts in biomedical reaction what is a regulatory protein - ✔✔control og gene expression intercellular signalling what is a structural protain - ✔✔cellular or organismal anatomy what is protein synthesis - ✔✔process of converting information sotred in nucleic acid sequences into protein what is the components of translation - ✔✔mRNA
  • the template that is used to specify the amino acids sequence Ribosomses
  • a complex of proteins and rRNA molecules tRNA
  • small RNA molecules that serve as adaptors between codond on mRNA and amino acids How are stop codons recognized - ✔✔- recycled
  • process is going to continue and is going to start all over again When does translocation occur - ✔✔when the ribosome moves down the mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction and moves the empty tRNA into the E-site

moves to tRNA containing the growing polypeptide into the P-site and opens the A-site What is a mutation - ✔✔a failure of DNA repair What are the types of Mutations - ✔✔- point

  • silent
  • missense
  • Nonsense
  • Insertions and Deletions
  • Substitution
  • Deletion
  • Addition What is a point Mutation - ✔✔a change in a single nucleotide What is a silent mutation - ✔✔mutations that do not change the amino acid sequence What is a Missence Mutation - ✔✔a point mutation that causes a chaneg in the amino acid sequence What is a Nonsense mutation - ✔✔a mutation that creates a new stop codon What is a subsitiution mutation - ✔✔the changing on one letter to another What is a deletion mutation - ✔✔the loss of one letter What is an addition mutation - ✔✔the addition of a letter What is a frameshift mutation - ✔✔the result of an addition or deletion of one or two nucleotides
  • reproduction in the fetus Why is smoking so common? - ✔✔- it is profitable
  • after WWI they sold cigarettes to the veterans (they got addicted) Why did women start smoking - ✔✔- social movement
  • because men could What is Clostridium Difficile - ✔✔Feces fille capsules that reat bacterial infeaction What is Immnunology - ✔✔the study of our protection from and response to forgein invading organisms and altered host cells What is an infection vs immunity - ✔✔infection
  • amount of pathogens Immunity
  • hosts defence mechanism What happens when the balance breaks between the infection and immunity - ✔✔1. If the infection goes up, the pathogens increase. This breaks the balance and their is disease
  1. If the virulence goes up. Virulence is a when a microorganism can cause a disease. These bacteria/microbes can be mild but also be very aggressive. An example of this would be E. Coli- this bacteria can be damaging (2008- when it entered water and killed people) but also can be mild, Influenza is another example. These bacteria's can be MILD or AGGRESSIVE- because of a mutation of the genes
  2. If the immunity is reduced, when the activity of the immunity goes down their is disease. As old cells die, new cells are born. EX: AIDS/HIV, these disease attack the immune system, examples: cancer- as we get old our immune system is comprised therefore our defense mechanisms are not strong. The following subjects underneath reduce our immune systems. What is an Allergic Reaction - ✔✔occurs when the body produces antibodies for a particular unharmful substance`

What is Acute inflammation-sepsis - ✔✔occurs when immune system creates inflammatory response in an area of the body experienceing a minor issue

  • results in the deterioration of tissue What are the three levels of the immune system - ✔✔1) Anatomical and Physiological Barriers
  1. Innate Immunity
  2. Adaptive Immunity What is anatomical and physiological barriers - ✔✔the skin, gastrointestinal tract, nasopharynx and eye What is Innate immunity - ✔✔- fast responding
  • no immunologic memory
  • limited in terms of specificity What is Adaptive Immunity - ✔✔- slow immune response
  • leads to a state immunologic memory
  • high specificity
  • the B & T cells What are the two parts of the immune system - ✔✔1) Nonspecific
  1. Specific What is Nonspecific - ✔✔- innate
  • speed: immediate/ hours
  • no immunologic memory
  • specificity limited one cell can recognize many pathogens What is Specific Immunity - ✔✔Speed: after a few days

What is Clonal Selection (expansion) - ✔✔a unique way to support the antibodies we need What is immunological Memory - ✔✔the ability of the immune system to respond more quickly and effectively to pathogens that have been encountered previously What is the primary immune response - ✔✔- via clonal selection

  • produces effector and memory cells What is the secondary immune response - ✔✔- the same antigen encountered again
  • initiated from memory cells What is Immunoglobulin (IgE) - ✔✔types of antibodies originally evolved to defend humans and animals, parasites What percentage of people have allergies - ✔✔5% What are the two stages of a typical allergic reaction - ✔✔1) sensitization
  • first exposure to allergen
  • allergen comes in contact with tissues
  1. Reaction
  • Mast cells release histamine and other chemicals
  • blood vessels dilate and release plasma What do mast cells and Basophils contain - ✔✔granuels filled with inflammatory chemicals such as histamine What are the treatments for anaphylactic shock - ✔✔- emergency medical care (ASAP)
  • temporarily countered by an epi-pen

What are some ways to reduce allergies in children - ✔✔- Have many kids or at least send the child/children to a day care

  • Let them play in soil
  • Live on a farm or at least have a pet dog
  • Breast-feed for at least 6 months
  • Don't smoke What are the leading causes of infectious diseases - ✔✔Bacteria Viruses Fungi Parasites What pandemic occurred in 1918 - ✔✔Spanish flu
  • killed 40-50 million world wide What occurred in 1892 - ✔✔Dimitri Iwanovski proved that extracts from diseased tobacco plants can transmit disease to other plants by infectious agent smaller than a vacteria What is a virus - ✔✔small, non-living, infectious particles of containing genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA with a protein capsule called a capsid What are the two phases of viruses - ✔✔1) outside the cell
  1. inside the infected cell Who was Patient 0 - ✔✔a child who was infected by eating bats All cellular life has these common characteristics - ✔✔- DNA and RNA
  • Making Proteins
  • Convertin chemical into energy
  • morphological changes in cells
  • cell death
  • immune system acts against the infected cells
  • lysis: activate blood coagulation,
  • internal bleeding What are some consequences of a viral infection - ✔✔- asymptomatic lack of symptoms/ no visible or physical symptoms
  • persistent disease
  • can infect others
  • hepatitis B, HIV
  • suffering followed by recovery
  • killed by the infected person
  • congeal disease
  • contributory factor in several diseases
  • contributory factor in cancer What is a viral infection - ✔✔a disease that can be caused by different kinds of viruses What are some symptoms of viral infections - ✔✔fever fatigue headache depending on the virus
  • coughing
  • diarrhea
  • abdominal pain
  • sore throat

What is the epidemiology of cancer - ✔✔age + genes + environment/behaviour + viruses + inflammation = higher risk of cancer What are the two types of HPV - ✔✔Cutaneous Mucosal What is the most common STI in the Western world - ✔✔HPV What is the primary cause of cervical cancer - ✔✔HPV What is the most preventable cancer? Why? - ✔✔Cervical - there is a vaccine for HPV can be found with screening What do PAP tests tell us - ✔✔- if the cells in the cervix are normal or abnormal

  • minor cell changes What does a HPV test look for - ✔✔the virus that causes the cell changes in the cervix How often does a women need to get a PAP test - ✔✔- beginning at 21, every three yers What are the characteristic of the HPV vaccines - ✔✔- High efficacy
  • Safe
  • No evidence of efficacy against existing disease or infection
  • No therapeutic efficacy
  • Infection with one HPV does not diminish efficacy of vaccine against other vaccine HPV types
  • Ideally vaccine should be administered before one of sexual activity, but females who are sexually active should still be vaccinated
  • Recommendations