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What was the life expectancy in the early 1900's? - ✔✔Under the age of 50, with a 25% child mortality rate. When was the first vaccine created? - ✔✔ 1880 ____________ _____________ can reduce life expectancy dramatically, due to the lack of __________________. - ✔✔INFECTIOUS DISEASES can reduce life expectancy dramatically, due to the lack of CONTROL. Upon early discover, microbes were viewed as? - ✔✔Enemies, until used in medicine. What are the beneficial roles of microbes? - ✔✔- waste breakdown/food production
- provides protection against more virulent microbe
- drug preparation (penicillin, insulin)
- making vitamins
- digestion What does mutual life mean, when in context with microbes? - ✔✔Microbes keep us alive and we keep them alive. What is a chronic disease? - ✔✔a disease that does NOT kill its host quickly What is an acute disease? - ✔✔A disease that DOES cause death quickly.
What does the natural evolution of a microbe operate on? - ✔✔The natural evolution of a microbe operates on its spreading capacity. NOT the ability to cause disease What does microbial natural selection favour? - ✔✔Microbial natural selection favours less or non- violent microbes. Which kind of microbes can live in a host WITHOUT causing damage? - ✔✔Microbes that are well- adapted to its host What epidemics were caused by microbes? - ✔✔- Small Pox
- Bubonic Plague
- Spanish Influenza What were the three causes that moved society away from Infectious Diseases? - ✔✔- Better Sanitation
- Vaccines
- Antibiotics Why will society never be clear of infectious diseases? - ✔✔- development of drug resistant strains
- outbreaks of existing diseases
- New disease causing agents What does Dr. Margret Chan believe will happen in the future? - ✔✔-We risk entering a post-antibiotic era
- this will cause an end to modern medicine What is Necrotizing Fasciitis - ✔✔Flesh eating Disease Who is to blame for the development of Drug-resistant strains? - ✔✔- Farmers
- Health Workers
- Patients
- International Travel
- Sexual Activity
- Human Susceptibility to infection
- Poverty, Malnutrition, Poor Sanitation
- Changing Ecosystems
- Global Warming
- Climate and Weather
- Wars
- Bioterrorism What is Light Microscopy - ✔✔- you can only see the shape of the cell Electron Microscopy - ✔✔- allows you to see the inner parts, allowing you to learn more What is a cell - ✔✔the basic unit of life What is a Unicellular cell - ✔✔a single cell organism What is a multi-cellular cell - ✔✔a cell made up of several to billions of cells What is a prokaryote - ✔✔a cell without a nucleus what is a eukaryote - ✔✔a cell with a nucleus What is the plasma membrane - ✔✔- separates the inside of a cell from the outside environment
- provides a surface on which chemical reactions occur
- regulates passage of materials into.out of the cells
- separates cells from one another
What is the Membrane Structure - ✔✔a structure of phospholipids is responsible for the basic functions of membranes and barriers between two polar compartments What is a phospolipid? - ✔✔- has one
- hyprophilic head (loves H2O)
- hydrophobic tail (hates H2O) What is the structure of the plasma membrane - ✔✔HEAD phosphate + glycerol and hydrophilic TAIL hydrophobic portion of two molecules or tend to associate with each other Why is the plasma membrane considered a stable barrier - ✔✔plasma membrane forms a stable barrier between two polar compartments
- because the interior of the phospholipid bilayer is occupied by the hydrophobic fatty acid chains, the membrane in impermeable to H2O Why is the plasma membrane a flexible barrier - ✔✔bilayers of naturally occurring phospholipids are flexible jelly-like fluids, not solids What is an organelle - ✔✔provide compartments in which specific cellular activity occurs What is a vesicle - ✔✔- pocket made out of membrane that is separated from the cytoplasm of a cell
- a carrier molecule in and out of the cells without crossing the membrane
- penetration by fusion What is a Lysosome - ✔✔- the garbage disposal system
- breaks down molecules into their base components using strong digestive enzymes
What are the three different shapes of cells - ✔✔Rod-like - > bacillus Spherical - > coccus Spiral - > spirillum What are the conditions for cellular life - ✔✔- temperature
- PH
- Water
- Salt
- Oxygen availability
- Nutrient availability What are the three temperatures - ✔✔Psychropiles - > grow best below 20C Mesophiles - > grows best between 20-50C Thermophiles - > grows best above 50C What affect does pH have on cells - ✔✔Acidophilus - > growns well at a pH of 1- 2 Neutrophile - > grows well at a neutral pH Alkaliphile - > grows well at a pH as high as 9 What affect does oxygen availability have on cells - ✔✔Aerobic - > Require O2 for growth Anaerobic - > Requires lack of O2 for growth What is an atom - ✔✔smallest chemical unit of matter What is a molecule - ✔✔two or more atoms held together by chemical bond What is DNA - ✔✔the molecule responsible for the transmission of information from one generation to the next in most forms of life on this planet
What are the complimentary base pairs - ✔✔A-T C-G What is the structure of DNA - ✔✔two strands running in two different directions held together by complimentary base pairing
- creating a double helix Who discovered complimentary base pairs - ✔✔Erwin Chargaff What are the two functional roles of DNA - ✔✔1) Duplication
- molecule must be replicated and transmitted to each cell division
- Information
- molecule contains information expressed in the sequence of the nucleotide What are the stages of DNA replication - ✔✔1.) DNA polymerase catalyzes the addition of deoxyribonucleotide units to a DNA chain 2.) DNA polymerase is a template-directed enzyme that synthesizes a product with a base sequence complementary to that of the template 3.) DNA polymerizes catalyze the formation of a phosphodiester bond efficiently only if the base on the incoming nucleotide is complementary to the base on the template strand 4.) The new DNA chain is assembled directly on a pre-existing DNA template 5.) The template DNA must be bound to a primer strand having a free 3' 6.)The chain-elongation reaction catalyzed by DNA polymerases from the 5' to the 3' of the elongated DNA What is transcription - ✔✔DNA is transcribed into RNA RNA is translated to form polypeptides DNA itself is used for storage and transmission translation is the process of releasing information contained in a DNA template
what is termination - ✔✔transcription ends at the termination site
- RNA polymerase encounters a trans termination signal that causes RNA to form a unique structure that helps it dissociate from the DNA from the RNA polymerase What are the major classes of proteins - ✔✔- Enzymatic
- Regulatory
- Structural What is an Enzymatic Protein - ✔✔catalysts in biomedical reaction what is a regulatory protein - ✔✔control og gene expression intercellular signalling what is a structural protain - ✔✔cellular or organismal anatomy what is protein synthesis - ✔✔process of converting information sotred in nucleic acid sequences into protein what is the components of translation - ✔✔mRNA
- the template that is used to specify the amino acids sequence Ribosomses
- a complex of proteins and rRNA molecules tRNA
- small RNA molecules that serve as adaptors between codond on mRNA and amino acids How are stop codons recognized - ✔✔- recycled
- process is going to continue and is going to start all over again When does translocation occur - ✔✔when the ribosome moves down the mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction and moves the empty tRNA into the E-site
moves to tRNA containing the growing polypeptide into the P-site and opens the A-site What is a mutation - ✔✔a failure of DNA repair What are the types of Mutations - ✔✔- point
- silent
- missense
- Nonsense
- Insertions and Deletions
- Substitution
- Deletion
- Addition What is a point Mutation - ✔✔a change in a single nucleotide What is a silent mutation - ✔✔mutations that do not change the amino acid sequence What is a Missence Mutation - ✔✔a point mutation that causes a chaneg in the amino acid sequence What is a Nonsense mutation - ✔✔a mutation that creates a new stop codon What is a subsitiution mutation - ✔✔the changing on one letter to another What is a deletion mutation - ✔✔the loss of one letter What is an addition mutation - ✔✔the addition of a letter What is a frameshift mutation - ✔✔the result of an addition or deletion of one or two nucleotides
- reproduction in the fetus Why is smoking so common? - ✔✔- it is profitable
- after WWI they sold cigarettes to the veterans (they got addicted) Why did women start smoking - ✔✔- social movement
- because men could What is Clostridium Difficile - ✔✔Feces fille capsules that reat bacterial infeaction What is Immnunology - ✔✔the study of our protection from and response to forgein invading organisms and altered host cells What is an infection vs immunity - ✔✔infection
- amount of pathogens Immunity
- hosts defence mechanism What happens when the balance breaks between the infection and immunity - ✔✔1. If the infection goes up, the pathogens increase. This breaks the balance and their is disease
- If the virulence goes up. Virulence is a when a microorganism can cause a disease. These bacteria/microbes can be mild but also be very aggressive. An example of this would be E. Coli- this bacteria can be damaging (2008- when it entered water and killed people) but also can be mild, Influenza is another example. These bacteria's can be MILD or AGGRESSIVE- because of a mutation of the genes
- If the immunity is reduced, when the activity of the immunity goes down their is disease. As old cells die, new cells are born. EX: AIDS/HIV, these disease attack the immune system, examples: cancer- as we get old our immune system is comprised therefore our defense mechanisms are not strong. The following subjects underneath reduce our immune systems. What is an Allergic Reaction - ✔✔occurs when the body produces antibodies for a particular unharmful substance`
What is Acute inflammation-sepsis - ✔✔occurs when immune system creates inflammatory response in an area of the body experienceing a minor issue
- results in the deterioration of tissue What are the three levels of the immune system - ✔✔1) Anatomical and Physiological Barriers
- Innate Immunity
- Adaptive Immunity What is anatomical and physiological barriers - ✔✔the skin, gastrointestinal tract, nasopharynx and eye What is Innate immunity - ✔✔- fast responding
- no immunologic memory
- limited in terms of specificity What is Adaptive Immunity - ✔✔- slow immune response
- leads to a state immunologic memory
- high specificity
- the B & T cells What are the two parts of the immune system - ✔✔1) Nonspecific
- Specific What is Nonspecific - ✔✔- innate
- speed: immediate/ hours
- no immunologic memory
- specificity limited one cell can recognize many pathogens What is Specific Immunity - ✔✔Speed: after a few days
What is Clonal Selection (expansion) - ✔✔a unique way to support the antibodies we need What is immunological Memory - ✔✔the ability of the immune system to respond more quickly and effectively to pathogens that have been encountered previously What is the primary immune response - ✔✔- via clonal selection
- produces effector and memory cells What is the secondary immune response - ✔✔- the same antigen encountered again
- initiated from memory cells What is Immunoglobulin (IgE) - ✔✔types of antibodies originally evolved to defend humans and animals, parasites What percentage of people have allergies - ✔✔5% What are the two stages of a typical allergic reaction - ✔✔1) sensitization
- first exposure to allergen
- allergen comes in contact with tissues
- Reaction
- Mast cells release histamine and other chemicals
- blood vessels dilate and release plasma What do mast cells and Basophils contain - ✔✔granuels filled with inflammatory chemicals such as histamine What are the treatments for anaphylactic shock - ✔✔- emergency medical care (ASAP)
- temporarily countered by an epi-pen
What are some ways to reduce allergies in children - ✔✔- Have many kids or at least send the child/children to a day care
- Let them play in soil
- Live on a farm or at least have a pet dog
- Breast-feed for at least 6 months
- Don't smoke What are the leading causes of infectious diseases - ✔✔Bacteria Viruses Fungi Parasites What pandemic occurred in 1918 - ✔✔Spanish flu
- killed 40-50 million world wide What occurred in 1892 - ✔✔Dimitri Iwanovski proved that extracts from diseased tobacco plants can transmit disease to other plants by infectious agent smaller than a vacteria What is a virus - ✔✔small, non-living, infectious particles of containing genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA with a protein capsule called a capsid What are the two phases of viruses - ✔✔1) outside the cell
- inside the infected cell Who was Patient 0 - ✔✔a child who was infected by eating bats All cellular life has these common characteristics - ✔✔- DNA and RNA
- Making Proteins
- Convertin chemical into energy
- morphological changes in cells
- cell death
- immune system acts against the infected cells
- lysis: activate blood coagulation,
- internal bleeding What are some consequences of a viral infection - ✔✔- asymptomatic lack of symptoms/ no visible or physical symptoms
- persistent disease
- can infect others
- hepatitis B, HIV
- suffering followed by recovery
- killed by the infected person
- congeal disease
- contributory factor in several diseases
- contributory factor in cancer What is a viral infection - ✔✔a disease that can be caused by different kinds of viruses What are some symptoms of viral infections - ✔✔fever fatigue headache depending on the virus
- coughing
- diarrhea
- abdominal pain
- sore throat
What is the epidemiology of cancer - ✔✔age + genes + environment/behaviour + viruses + inflammation = higher risk of cancer What are the two types of HPV - ✔✔Cutaneous Mucosal What is the most common STI in the Western world - ✔✔HPV What is the primary cause of cervical cancer - ✔✔HPV What is the most preventable cancer? Why? - ✔✔Cervical - there is a vaccine for HPV can be found with screening What do PAP tests tell us - ✔✔- if the cells in the cervix are normal or abnormal
- minor cell changes What does a HPV test look for - ✔✔the virus that causes the cell changes in the cervix How often does a women need to get a PAP test - ✔✔- beginning at 21, every three yers What are the characteristic of the HPV vaccines - ✔✔- High efficacy
- Safe
- No evidence of efficacy against existing disease or infection
- No therapeutic efficacy
- Infection with one HPV does not diminish efficacy of vaccine against other vaccine HPV types
- Ideally vaccine should be administered before one of sexual activity, but females who are sexually active should still be vaccinated
- Recommendations
