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A concise overview of dna replication, including key enzymes involved in the process such as dna polymerase, dna primase, dna ligase, topoisomerase and helicase. it details the mechanisms of leading and lagging strand synthesis, the role of okazaki fragments, and the concept of a palindromic sequence. furthermore, it explains dna denaturation and annealing, factors affecting dna denaturation (such as base composition, dna length, ph, and ionic strength), and the central dogma of molecular biology. The document also touches upon different types of rna, including mrna, rrna, trna, and mirna, and their functions in protein synthesis and gene regulation. This makes it a valuable resource for understanding fundamental concepts in molecular genetics.
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DNA prrmase
Strand separation occurs first DNA ligase
RNA Primer
DNA polymerase
Each strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new strand
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Lagging
synthesis
is catalyzed by enzymes ( DNA polymerases ) g ,
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Okazaki fragment GG
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Newly
made DNA molecule has one daughter strand and one parent strand
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Topoisomerase
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DNA polymerase
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Binding proteins
Palindrome
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Palindromic sequence →nucleic acid sequence in a double
reading in a certain direction on one strand matches the sequence reading
in the same
direction on the complementary strand
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DNA Denaturation
Strand Loool
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Daughter
strands Two DNA strands dissociate at elevated temp
Double
Dissociation - _ Denaturation ( melting )
Annealing Denaturation
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H
covalent bonds remain intact
two strands separate
Genetic code remains intact
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Base stacking
lost Partially
denatured DNA
Association Marika of
Association __ Annealing strands by
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separation
of strands
Two strands re
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Reversible thermal denaturation
annealing
form the basis for polymerase H*ÑÑ%MH↑☒μμg☒
separated strands
chain reaction of DNA in random coils
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Factors Affecting
Midpoint of melting ( Tm ) depends on base composition 100 § High CG C) Tm ¥ 80
Denaturation of large DNA molecules (not uniform ) J
s go
. % AT
rich regions melt at a lower temp than GC rich regions ÷ :
" Tm depends on DNA Length g- 410
. . . . . . : ' ' ' Longer DNA has higher Tm U 20
Important for short DNA is Tm depends on pH and ionic strength I
" 70 8/ 90 1/ 110 High salt increases Tm Tm / ◦ C) pH extremes (acidic / basic ) destabilize DNA
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Go @ O•• protein amino acid chain DNA
RNA ¥±÷E%÷ Types of RNA ;¥÷É:% Messenger RNA ( mRNA) ¥ 58 bag RNA code for protein
Ribosomal RNAIRRNA ) μqq£ggqg%μ ¥{q catalyze protein synthesis Transfer RNA (tRNA) gene a. adaptors between mp.naanaamnoaaasdunngpraansyn.me , , , qq¢¥MÉÉÑÑÉ¥%;É q§gÑ%ᵈᵈB§§Ñʰ Flamsteed MicroRNA ( miRNA ) sooooooo 40504255b€ Regulates gene expression was [→%¥£fÑ •%.¥%•% ±÷.¥i*•¥ ÉñE3÷ ÷
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