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The Modeling and Role-Modeling Theory
Table of Contents
- Summary
- Theorists: Education and Specialties
- Nursing Theory, Concepts, and Propositions
- Application of Meta-Paradigms
- Theory's Implication on Nursing Practice, Education, and Research
- References
1. Summary
The modeling and role-modeling theory of nursing care was developed by Helen Erickson, Evelyn Tomlin, and Mary Swain. The three joined together in agreeance that each individual human being is unique and has a goal to reach his or her highest potential. According to this theory, it is the nurse's priority to assist the patient in achieving his or her goals through replicating or modeling the patient's desired environment and world views. To apply nursing practice under this theory, a nurse must be willing to delve into the client's world view and to look at life and healing from the client's perspective. A nurse must display empathy and be willing to demonstrate total individualization of care for each patient. This individualization of care alongside complete acceptance of a client regardless of culture, socioeconomic factors, and other distinguishing factors allows patients to recover in a timely and convenient manner.
2. Theorists: Education and Specialties
Helen Erickson
Professor Helen Lorraine (Cook) Erickson graduated from Saginaw General Hospital of Saginaw, Michigan in 1957, after which she specialized in ER and medical-surgical nursing. Erickson continued her education at the University of Michigan with her Bachelors of Science in Nursing in 1974 and a Master’s degree in Psychiatric Nursing in 1976 (Society for the Advancement of Modeling an Remodeling Theory, 2011). Erickson then proceeded to develop her career as an independent psychiatric nurse consultant prior to returning to the University of Michigan for her Doctorate in Education Psychology in 1984 (Society for the Advancement of Modeling an Remodeling Theory, 2011). She has since written numerous articles and studies over nursing theories and holistic approaches to nursing.
Evelyn Tomlin
Evelyn M. Tomlin studied nursing at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, at which she received her baccalaureate degree prior to a master’s in psychiatric nursing (1976) from the University of Michigan (George, 2010, p. 518). Tomlin has worked in several different
areas of nursing including critical care, home care, independent practice, and staff nursing, but currently specializes in women and children’s care with a background in Christian healing. Tomlin’s focus on religion and healing has led her to publish works as to the connection between Christian values and modeling/role-modeling theory (George, 2010, p. 518).
Mary Swain
Professor Mary Ann P. Swain graduated from DePauw University with her Bachelors of Arts in Psychology in 1963 (University of Michigan, 1993). Swain immediately followed up with her M.A. (1964) and Ph.D. (1969) from the University of Michigan – both in psychology (University of Michigan, 1993). Swain’s specialties revolved around her extensive education in psychology; she furthered others’ educations by instructing psychology in nursing at the University of Michigan’s School of Nursing and joining numerous higher-education committees such as the Committee on the Status of Women in Higher Education (University of Michigan, 1993). Professor Swain has also contributed to several different studies over nursing theories – primarily those in relation to stress adaptation and role-modeling.
3. Nursing Theory, Concepts, and Propositions
Nursing Theory
Modeling and Role-Modeling is a holistic nursing theory involving interpersonal and interactive relationships between the nurse and client (George, 2010, p. 519). The client’s view of the world is the main focus and the nurse must adapt the plan of care to meet their individual needs. Modeling is a process used to understand the world from the client’s perspective (George, 2010, p. 519). It is both an art and a science, involving empathetic understanding of the present circumstance within the client’s context of the world (George, 2010, p. 519). The science of modeling involves using information collected from the client’s perspective and analyzing it to adapt plans of care. Role-modeling is the facilitation of health, and is also an art and a science (George, 2010, p. 520). The art is the individualization of care for the client and the science requires the use of theoretical knowledge when planning and implementing that care (George 2010, p. 520). The overall goal of modeling and role-modeling is to create an environment replicating the client’s world and ensuring care is individualized for them.
Concepts
There are numerous concepts that are related to this theory. One is facilitation, which involves making a situation easier or to help something run more smoothly (Webster, 1981, p. 812). This concept relates to nurses being able to adapt care for their clients in order to make their world experiences better. Another concept is nurturance, relating to the act of caring for and nurturing a patient to make them feel at ease in their environment. It is the nurse’s job to ensure patients are comfortable and cared for effectively within the realm of their world. It also implies support for growth and development, providing sustenance, and something that can predict change over time (George, 2010, p. 528). A client who has a nurturing atmosphere will be able to develop skills and restore health efficiently, especially in the context of their world.
Environment
The environment is where people live internally and externally. Stressors are a daily part of life but a person can adapt to the stressors internally and externally. External factors may be necessary for clients who need assistance in recognizing stress and resources to adapt to stressors in his or her life (George, 2010, p. 526).
Health
The definition of health has expanded to not only include the absence of disease, but also the state of wellbeing which includes physical, mental and psychosocial. Health, according the Modeling and Role-modeling theory, is described as the person adjusting to stressors in the environment using internal and external sources (George, 2010, p. 527). While adjusting to stressors, the person is not compromising the biophysical, psychological, social and cognitive systems (George, 2010, p. 527).
Nursing
The goal of nursing in any theory is to help the patient achieve his or her optimum level of health and overall well-being. The act of nursing is an interactive process that requires interpersonal communication between the nurse and the patient (George, 2010, p. 527). The three aspects of the Modeling and Role- Modeling theory’s definition of nursing are facilitation, nurturance and unconditional acceptance (George, 2011, p. 527). Facilitation takes the patient’s strengths and build upon it with the help of the nurse (George, 2011, p. 527). Facilitation helps build the nurse- patient relationship and allows the patient to trust his or her nurse to help make him or her better. Nurturance is the essence of nursing; it combines the caring aspect with the cognitive, psychological, and affective processes nurses have to help a patient achieve his or her optimal amount of health (George, 2011, p. 527). The last aspect is acceptance off anyone. No matter whom the patient is or what the situation is, a nurse must say with a smile that he or she would be happy to help.
5. Theory’s Implication to Nursing Practice, Education, and Research
Theory’s implication to nursing practice
The theory of modeling and role modeling demands that the nurses assesses the patient, which is modeling the patient’s world to understand it as the client perceives his or her world. It demands that the nurse plans by role modeling, which is the individualization of care that draws on the perspective the client has on the world. The nurse’s intervention are based on how the client perceives the world which is obtained through the modeling and role modeling characteristics. It is imperative that the nurse intervenes on an individualized manner because it is based inherently on the way the client views the world. The implementations of care should be based on all the components that go into how a client perceives the world because these all affect views and the best measures for implement care are derived from perspectives. The nurse
assesses the client to understand their perceptions and allows the implementations to follow this in nursing practice (George, 2011, p. 518-519).
The theory includes the five aims of interventions including building trust, promoting positive orientation, promoting perceived control, promoting strengths, and setting mutual goals that are health direction. These aims of interventions are based on the client’s perspective of the world. Due to the fact that all people share some common ideals, the theory is able to be standardized to an extent (George, 2011, p. 520). For example people all share the same basic needs as evidenced by the first tier of Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs. People also have commonalities in cognitive development and psychosocial development. However, it cannot be too narrow in scope because people differ in model of the world, stress, adaption, and self care (“Modeling and Role Modeling Theory,” 2013, para 3). Building trust is essential in order to be able to obtain information about the client’s perspective. Promoting positive orientation’s basis lies on promoting the client’s strengths and his or her self worth. Promoting perceived control is important because implementations rely on a client’s perception of the control they have on health situations. Promoting strengths is important because it gives clients a way to utilize resources. Setting mutual goals that are health directed is part of the aims because it is important for the nurse and client to have same ideas about what should happen. If a nurse has different goals or ideas than the patient, it is a clear indicator that the nurse did not properly model the perspective of the client’s world. It is imperative to follow through with complete modeling in order to have mutual goals in mind. Incomplete modeling will hinder this process and make it incredibly difficult to make mutual goals (George, 2011, p. 520-521).
Self care refers to independent care that the client carries out him or herself. In the modeling and role modeling theory self care comes from personal knowledge of how to carry out self care, or what makes him or her be healthy. All clients are given knowledge and resources about self care and nurse helps assist in carrying out the information they have. Self care is used in implementation and planning of implementation for clients (George, 2011, p. 522)
The modeling and role modeling theory recognizes that the nursing process in not always used in a step by step fashion. For example, a nurse does not assess then diagnosis, usually nurses diagnosis while assessing. The theory liberates nurses from the linear model and thinking of the nursing process and makes it more of a circular process. The theory considers nursing priorities in a slightly different way than most theories. In fact, theory relies on client’s concerns being the top priority. This stems from the fact that other needs of clients will not be met until their primary need is considered and fixed. The priority comes from what the client requests to be measured. Assessment is controlled by what the client considers important to be able to provide care for other issues after the client is ready. This is an important step in being able to understand the client’s perspective of the world by modeling and then role playing. It also established a caring trust relationship right away. The nursing process is still used, however, there are no required steps when implementing the nursing process for care. The theory views the nursing process as interactive and ongoing while still including the scientific mode. Nurses absolutely must use role playing while implementing care. This includes providing optimal care while keeping consistent ideas of the client’s perspective of the world (George, 2011, p. 528- 529).
References
George, J.B. (2010). Nursing theories: The base for professional nursing practice (6th^ ed.). Philadelphia: Pearson.
Hertz, J. (n.d.). Modeling and Role-Modeling. SAMRM. Retrieved from http://www.mrmnursingtheory.org/mrmoverview.html
Modeling and Role Modeling Theory of Nursing. (n.d.). Modeling and Role Modeling Theory of Nursing. Retrieved from http://nursingplanet.com/theory/modeling_and_role- modeling_theory.html
Potter, P.A., & Perry, A.G. (2012). Fundamentals of nursing (8th^ ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier.
Society for the Advancement of Modeling and Role Modeling, The (2011). About Helen C. Erickson. Retrieved from http://mrmnursingtheory.org.
University of Michigan (1993). Memoir: Mary Ann P. Swain. Retrieved from http://um2017.org/faculty-history/faculty/mary-ann-p-swain/memoir
Webster. (1981). Webster’s Third New International Dictionary. Massachusetts: G & C Merriam Company Publishers.
