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MMSC 407 Clinical Chemistry Final Exam
2025 | Updated Questions and Correct
Answers | Graded A+ | Verified Answers
Major storage carbohydrate in animals is____ which is located most abundantly in___ ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------glycogen, liver Which types of analytical variation does QC detect ---------CORRECT ANSWER------- ----------systematic error The first of the digestive enzymes used to break down carbs ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------salivary amylase Adipose tissue is a common way the body stores excess ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------glucose D-glucose and L-glucose are _____ to each other ---------CORRECT ANSWER---------- -------stereoisomers
The reason why glycogen stored in the muscle but cant be used to raise blood glucose levels ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------muscle tissue doesnt contain g6p An example of a polysaccharide is ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------glycogen Common feature associated with alpha-1,6 linkages in polysaccharides --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------branching Fe3+ and Cu2+ ions can gain electrons in the presence of ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------carbs The type of carbohydrates that are able to facilitate this are called: --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------reducing sugars What is the delta check and its purpose ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------to review patient results to check QC Hypoglycemia is defined by ___ levels ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- <45mg/dL
The final enzyme in glycolysis ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------pyruvate kinase What is helpful in distinguishing between endogenous and exogenous insulin? ---- -----CORRECT ANSWER-----------------the C peptide The glucose renal threshold is___ ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- 170mg/dL The glucose oxidase method is specific for ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- beta-D glucose What is the reason why hemoglobinopathies decrease HbA1c readings? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------they reduce the lifespan of RBCs Gluconeogenesis requires____ molecules of ATP to make glucose. --------- CORRECT ANSWER----------------- 6
The goal level for HbA1c for someone looking to control diabetes is___ --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------7. (6.5 for healthy pts) The beta cells in the pancreas produce ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- insulin How many molecules of ATP must be used in the investment phase of glycolysis before ATP and/or NADH can be produced? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------
- 2 Enzymes adding phoshate groups to molecules are: ---------CORRECT ANSWER------ -----------kinases Gluconeogenesis usually results in the formation of glucose from: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------amino acids T/F: A= abc is beers law. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------true
T/F turbidometry is more sensitive than nephelometry: ---------CORRECT ANSWER- ----------------FALSE what is the difference between quality control and quality assurance? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------QA is the execution of procedures and techniques that make sure the final product/ result will match the expected quality QC is a set of activities that are executed to verify the final product/result example of a monosaccharide: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------fructose how much water should we intake per day? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------
- 1500 - 3000 mL How much water do we get from food? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- 300 mL/day what is the name of the process that allows us to get water from our food? --------
- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------oxidation
how much water do we lose daily from urine? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------- ---- 500 - 1500 mL/day what percent of water makes up our total body weight? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------males 60-65% females 50-55% increase in body fat will ____ the percent body weight of water. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------decrease what makes up 67% of body water? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- intracellular fluids extracellular fluid contains 2 subdivisions called: ---------CORRECT ANSWER---------- -------1. intravascular fluid plasma 2.interstitial fluid What is the main determinant of water distribution between compartments? ------ ---CORRECT ANSWER-----------------osmotic pressure
ADH is made in the ________ and stored in the ________. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------hypothalamus: posterior lobe of the pituitary What does ADH promote? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------water reabsorption in the collecting duct a decrease of extracellular fluid will cause the: ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------- ----release of renin aldosterone causes: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------sodium and water retention the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system can be stimulated by ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------1. decreased plasma volume
- sodium depletion
- decrease in arterial pressure
- hemorrhage
- increase in plasma potassium Where is the thirst center located? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- hypothalamus
ways water can be depleted ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------diarrhea/ vomiting burns/trauma renal disease diuretic therapy cirrhosis of the liver ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------a decrease in plasma proteins will cause a loss of osmotic pressure congestive heart failure ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------stimulation of renin-angio system causes sodium retention, which leads to water retention nephrosis ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------caused by loss of protein, loss of osmotic pressure major cations ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, hydrogen ions
D= diabetes mellitus A=acidosis P=poisonings I= ischemia E= ethylene glycol S=salicylate decrease in unmeasured cations ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------increased anion gap hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia changes in protein concentration ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------decreased anion gap hypoalbuminemia Sodium reference range ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- 136 - 146 mEq/L Potassium reference range ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------3.5-5.3mEq/L Cl reference range ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- 96 - 109 mEq/L
tCO2 reference range ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- 22 - 34 mmol/L when sodium is increased in plasma, the environment is ___ ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------hypertonic Natriuretic peptides ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------secreted by atrial myocardium of the heart in response to high blood pressure Hyponatremia ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------deficient sodium in the blood, plasma levels <136 mmol/L Addison's disease ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------decrease in aldosterone, primary adrenocortical deficiency metabolic ketoacidosis ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------loss of cations with organic ketoacidosis
urine stability: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------refrigerate, no preservatives we can see brain damage in levels___ ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- 170 mmol/L or above Potassium's main function ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------neuromuscular excitability- allows generation of action potentials Na-K dependent ATPase pump ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------transports potassium against a concentration gradient into cells potassium plays a huge role in: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------heart contractions hemolysis causes a false ____ in hemolysis ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- increase T/F 80-90% of the potassium ingested gets excreted. ---------CORRECT ANSWER---- -------------TRue
a decrease in intracellular K=, leads to an___ in K+ in plasma ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------increase hypokalemia ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------plasma potassium <3. mmol/L causes of hypokalemia ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------ dehydration
- vomiting/diarrhea
- eating too much licorice Cushings syndrome causes of hypokalemia: alkalosis ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------increase in intracellular fluid, leads to a decrease in plasma potassium causes of hypokalemia: insulin therapy ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- increased glucose utilization increases potassium uptake by cells hyperkalemia ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------plasma potassium <5. mmol/L
causes of hypochloremia ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Addisons disease metabolic alkalosis prolonged vomiting hyperchloremia ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------greater than 109 mmol/L hyperchloremia causes ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------dehydration decreased renal blood flow metabolic acidosis why doesnt hemolysis affect chloride like it does potassium? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Cl is mainly an extracellular anion what is the most common lethal genetic defect in the caucasian population? ------- --CORRECT ANSWER-----------------cystic fibrosis , disorder of exocrine glands, excessive mucous secretion CF complications ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------respiratory distress obstruction of GI tract excessive sweat
the gene responsible for CF codes for a protein that makes: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------chloride this defect causes a lack of sodium chloride in the ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------- ---------glandular secretions normal sweat chloride vs CF sweat Cl ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- normal=5-35 mmol/L CF- 60 - 160 mmol/L methods of collecting sweat ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------pilocarpine iontophoresis what is a false positive error for a sweat result? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------- ------skin not cleaned properly what is an error for a false negative of sweat? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------- ----pt is salt depleted, or has Addisons disease
