





















































Study with the several resources on Docsity
Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan
Prepare for your exams
Study with the several resources on Docsity
Earn points to download
Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan
Community
Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts
Discover the best universities in your country according to Docsity users
Free resources
Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors
The MMSC 407 Clinical Chemistry Final Exam 2025 document is a comprehensive resource for students preparing for their final examination in clinical chemistry. This PDF provides updated questions with verified correct answers, ensuring students have access to accurate and reliable study material. The content focuses on several key areas of clinical chemistry, such as metabolic pathways, biochemical analysis, and physiological mechanisms. Key topics covered include the storage and breakdown of carbohydrates, with glycogen identified as the major storage carbohydrate in animals, primarily located in the liver. The examination material also delves into the mechanisms of analytical quality control, emphasizing the detection of systematic errors. Students will learn about vital enzymes like salivary amylase in carbohydrate digestion and the importance of stereochemistry, illustrated by the relationship between D-glucose and L-glucose.
Typology: Exams
1 / 61
This page cannot be seen from the preview
Don't miss anything!
Major storage carbohydrate in animals is____ which is located most abundantly in___ ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------glycogen, liver Which types of analytical variation does QC detect ---------CORRECT ANSWER------- ----------systematic error The first of the digestive enzymes used to break down carbs ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------salivary amylase Adipose tissue is a common way the body stores excess ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------glucose D-glucose and L-glucose are _____ to each other ---------CORRECT ANSWER---------- -------stereoisomers
The reason why glycogen stored in the muscle but cant be used to raise blood glucose levels ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------muscle tissue doesnt contain g6p An example of a polysaccharide is ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------glycogen Common feature associated with alpha-1,6 linkages in polysaccharides --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------branching Fe3+ and Cu2+ ions can gain electrons in the presence of ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------carbs The type of carbohydrates that are able to facilitate this are called: --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------reducing sugars What is the delta check and its purpose ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------to review patient results to check QC Hypoglycemia is defined by ___ levels ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- <45mg/dL
The final enzyme in glycolysis ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------pyruvate kinase What is helpful in distinguishing between endogenous and exogenous insulin? ---- -----CORRECT ANSWER-----------------the C peptide The glucose renal threshold is___ ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- 170mg/dL The glucose oxidase method is specific for ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- beta-D glucose What is the reason why hemoglobinopathies decrease HbA1c readings? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------they reduce the lifespan of RBCs Gluconeogenesis requires____ molecules of ATP to make glucose. --------- CORRECT ANSWER----------------- 6
The goal level for HbA1c for someone looking to control diabetes is___ --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------7. (6.5 for healthy pts) The beta cells in the pancreas produce ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- insulin How many molecules of ATP must be used in the investment phase of glycolysis before ATP and/or NADH can be produced? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------
T/F turbidometry is more sensitive than nephelometry: ---------CORRECT ANSWER- ----------------FALSE what is the difference between quality control and quality assurance? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------QA is the execution of procedures and techniques that make sure the final product/ result will match the expected quality QC is a set of activities that are executed to verify the final product/result example of a monosaccharide: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------fructose how much water should we intake per day? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------
how much water do we lose daily from urine? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------- ---- 500 - 1500 mL/day what percent of water makes up our total body weight? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------males 60-65% females 50-55% increase in body fat will ____ the percent body weight of water. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------decrease what makes up 67% of body water? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- intracellular fluids extracellular fluid contains 2 subdivisions called: ---------CORRECT ANSWER---------- -------1. intravascular fluid plasma 2.interstitial fluid What is the main determinant of water distribution between compartments? ------ ---CORRECT ANSWER-----------------osmotic pressure
ADH is made in the ________ and stored in the ________. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------hypothalamus: posterior lobe of the pituitary What does ADH promote? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------water reabsorption in the collecting duct a decrease of extracellular fluid will cause the: ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------- ----release of renin aldosterone causes: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------sodium and water retention the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system can be stimulated by ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------1. decreased plasma volume
ways water can be depleted ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------diarrhea/ vomiting burns/trauma renal disease diuretic therapy cirrhosis of the liver ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------a decrease in plasma proteins will cause a loss of osmotic pressure congestive heart failure ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------stimulation of renin-angio system causes sodium retention, which leads to water retention nephrosis ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------caused by loss of protein, loss of osmotic pressure major cations ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, hydrogen ions
D= diabetes mellitus A=acidosis P=poisonings I= ischemia E= ethylene glycol S=salicylate decrease in unmeasured cations ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------increased anion gap hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia changes in protein concentration ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------decreased anion gap hypoalbuminemia Sodium reference range ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- 136 - 146 mEq/L Potassium reference range ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------3.5-5.3mEq/L Cl reference range ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- 96 - 109 mEq/L
tCO2 reference range ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- 22 - 34 mmol/L when sodium is increased in plasma, the environment is ___ ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------hypertonic Natriuretic peptides ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------secreted by atrial myocardium of the heart in response to high blood pressure Hyponatremia ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------deficient sodium in the blood, plasma levels <136 mmol/L Addison's disease ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------decrease in aldosterone, primary adrenocortical deficiency metabolic ketoacidosis ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------loss of cations with organic ketoacidosis
urine stability: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------refrigerate, no preservatives we can see brain damage in levels___ ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- 170 mmol/L or above Potassium's main function ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------neuromuscular excitability- allows generation of action potentials Na-K dependent ATPase pump ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------transports potassium against a concentration gradient into cells potassium plays a huge role in: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------heart contractions hemolysis causes a false ____ in hemolysis ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- increase T/F 80-90% of the potassium ingested gets excreted. ---------CORRECT ANSWER---- -------------TRue
a decrease in intracellular K=, leads to an___ in K+ in plasma ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------increase hypokalemia ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------plasma potassium <3. mmol/L causes of hypokalemia ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------ dehydration
causes of hypochloremia ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Addisons disease metabolic alkalosis prolonged vomiting hyperchloremia ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------greater than 109 mmol/L hyperchloremia causes ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------dehydration decreased renal blood flow metabolic acidosis why doesnt hemolysis affect chloride like it does potassium? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Cl is mainly an extracellular anion what is the most common lethal genetic defect in the caucasian population? ------- --CORRECT ANSWER-----------------cystic fibrosis , disorder of exocrine glands, excessive mucous secretion CF complications ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------respiratory distress obstruction of GI tract excessive sweat
the gene responsible for CF codes for a protein that makes: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------chloride this defect causes a lack of sodium chloride in the ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------- ---------glandular secretions normal sweat chloride vs CF sweat Cl ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- normal=5-35 mmol/L CF- 60 - 160 mmol/L methods of collecting sweat ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------pilocarpine iontophoresis what is a false positive error for a sweat result? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------- ------skin not cleaned properly what is an error for a false negative of sweat? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------- ----pt is salt depleted, or has Addisons disease