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Mizzou Bio 1500 Exam 3 With Complete
Solutions Latest Update
Design an effective experiment to test whether an environmental variable places selection on a heritable trait. - ANSWER -over several generations a control group different levels of oxygen a small, rapidly reproducing organism an enclosed environment
How does natural selection bring about radical changes to phenotypes? - ANWER Different amounts of oxygen availability can affect body size, only some phenotypes survive and, over many generations, become common in populations. If oxygen levels are higher, animals can evolve larger body sizes and still deliver enough oxygen to their muscles.
What are the four classes of Organic Molecules? - ANWER 1. Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
Organic molecule-what is it? ANSWER A molecule that contains carbon
Examples of carbohydrates? ANSWER Glucose, starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin.
Examples of lipids? ANSWER Fats, oils, waxes, olive oil, bees wax, bacon fat.
When a fat is 'saturated', what is it saturated with? ANSWER H
The building blocks of proteins? ANSWER amino acids
What are the constituents that make up nucleic acids? - ANSWER nucleotides
What are the constituents that make up carbohydrates? - ANSWER simple sugars (monosaccharides)
What are the constituents that make up lipids? - ANSWER fatty acids and glycerol
What is cellulose? - ANSWER Polysaccharide consists of glucose monomers (which is the main constituent of a plant cell wall and of vegetable fibers)
Which would have the most cellulose? -steak -bowl of ice cream -mushroom omelet -serving of broccoli - ANSWER serving of broccoli
Phospholipids are major constituents of which cellular structure? -membranes -ribosomes -mitochondria -chromosomes - ANSWER membranes
What result from dehydration? - ANSWER Two molecules form a chemical bond.
What is the result of hydrolysis? - ANSWER Starch broken into simple molecules.
What is dehydration synthesis? - ANSWER when water given off when two
-membrane bound organelles -larger -divide by mitosis and meiosis -multicellular
What are some similarities between plant and animal cells? - ANSWER -ribosomes -endoplasmic reticulum -plasma membrane -golgi apparatus -mitochondria
What are some differences between plant and animal cells? - ANSWER Animal small/no vacuole centroid and centrosomes flagella Plant cell cell wall central vacuole chloroplasts What are the six kingdoms of life? - ANSWER Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia What is the point of cellular respiration? - ANSWER to make ATP What happens in the first step of cellular respiration? - ANSWER Glycolysis: glucose is broken into pyruvate, yielding 2 ATP and NADPH
Second Step of Cellular Respiration - ANSWER Pyruvate Prep/ Citric Acid Cycle: pyruvate is broken down generation more NADH and FADH2 while producing CO2 as a byproduct
Third Step of Cellular Respiration - ANSWER Electron Transport Chain: electrons are supplied by NADH and FADH2 and the a series of redox reactions of oxidation and reduction(loss and gain of electrons) occur. As electrons are passed, they move move to a lower energy state. The energy is used to pump H+ across the membrane and creates a proton gradient that stores energy. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, it produces H20 as the byproduct. H+re-enters the mitochondria matrix through ATP synthase, generation of ATP takes place. By-products are CO2 and H20.
Explain cellular respiration. - ANSWER Bonds in glucose are broken down, yielding NADH and FADH2 electrons that create a H+ concentration gradient that moves the needed electrons. H+ re-enters the mitochondria matrix through ATP synthase to create ATP.
Explain why fermentation happens. - ANSWER Fermentation occurs when O2 is not available.
Explain fermentation. - ANSWER Fermentation happens when O2 is not available. That therefore means that the citric acid cycle can not happen and therefore glycolysis is the only source of ATP. The pyruvate does undergo fermentation where no ATP is generated and where alcohol, CO2, or lactic acid are generated. NAD+ is also regenerated which allows glycolysis to proceed.
What are the products of fermentation? - ANSWER Alcohol, CO2, lactic acid, no ATP
Where does fermentation occur? -ANSWER- in deep soil -intestine of animals -when we are working strenuously -some prokaryotes don't utilize O
Explain why, when illuminated with white light, you would observe reddish light emanating from Chlorophyll. Provide an explanation of fluorescence in your answer. - ANSWER The reason chlorophyll, when under a white light, emits red lights is because of fluorescence. It absorbs energy from the light then re-emits it out but at a longer wavelength; the energy wavelength for chlorophyll is red, it is the one most absorbed.
provide energy for ATP synthase. The H+ pushing inward rotates F0(rotor in membrane). The rotation pushes ADP and Pi together to form ATP. 12 H+/rotation and 3ATP/rotation
What is the general role of that gradients play in the cell? - ANSWER -protons are used to do biological work -unequal distributions of ions result in the movement of particles by diffusion without chemical reaction required unless against the gradient
How is gradients utilized in ATP Synthase? - ANSWER At high ATP concentrations ATP pumps protons out of the matrix. Then the cell utilizes the energy in ATP to create a gradient that can do the work.
Another example of gradients doing work within the cells - ANSWER Cells require glucose inside their walls
- completed against the gradient formed by glucose
- Na+ gradient: high quantity of NA+ outside and minimal inside the cell, this implies that the Na+ would want to be inside the cell. It does this taking glucose along with it.
- There is high Na+ outside because of the NA/K pump which uses ATP to bring Na+ outside of the cell
cellular respiration cannot be completed in the absence of oxygen. Include the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain. - ANSWER At the end of the electron transport chain, oxygen is needed to receive the electrons to eventually form water after picking up protons as well. Without receiving electrons from oxygen, the ETC would cease to continue generating ATP; hence, the cell would not have energy to carry on with the running of biological functions.
How do all enzymes generally catalyze chemical reactions? - ANSWER Enzymes reduce the activation energy required for bonds between the molecules to take effect. They don't provide energy, but they reduce or lower the amount of energy required for that bond to be formed, hence increasing chances that the reaction will take place.
What is the basis for the specificity of enzymes towards certain reactions? - ANSWER
active site of enzyme and substrate
Explain in your own terms how ATP synthase produces the energy of ATP from the energy of the proton gradient. - ANSWER The protons of the proton gradient move into the mitochondrial matrix by facilitated diffusion across ATP Synthase. The protons bind onto ADP forming ATP.
12 protons passing through ATP synthase result in three ATP to be formed from ATP + Pi (which is a phosphate group) - ANSWER The protons from the proton gradient outside of the cell, flow into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase but the protons are more of a channel of water spinning a turbine, which creates three ATP after 12 protons flow through.
Where does the H+ accumulate in higher concentration in the chloroplast? - ANSWER The Thylakoid space, the stroma has lower H+ concentration.
What molecule serves as the source of electrons working their way through the electron transport chain? - ANSWER Water
The Glucose precursor made in the light independent reactions is a molecule called G3P. What does the cell use it to do? - ANSWER building carbohydrates such as glucose
