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Mizzou Anatomy Exam 2 - Mizzou (Hill) With complete
Solutions Latest Update
Functions of the Skeletal System (5) - ANSWER Support: entire body Protection: Viscera (organs) Movement: Attachment for the muscles Hemopoiesis: Blood cell production Energy & Mineral Reserves: bones have calcium -need for it leads to osteoporosis
Are bones organs? - ANSWER Yes - bones consist of various types of tissue -- Including blood
Is the skeleton internal or external? - ANSWER Internal
Where do bones meet? - ANSWER At joints
Skeleton consist of - ANSWER Bones, cartilages, joints, and ligaments
How many named bones are there? - ANSWER 206
Skeleton subdivides into what? - ANSWER Axial & appendicular
Axial Skeleton includes - ANSWER Includes: Skull, vertebral, column, thoracic cage(sternum and ribs)
Appendicular Skeleton includes - ANSWER Includes: pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic gridle, lower limbs
Axial & Appendicular Skeleton - ANSWER
Axial Skeleton amount of bones - ANSWER 80 named bones
Axial Skeleton Functions - ANSWER -Supports head, neck, and trunk -protects brain, spinal cord, thoracic organs
Bone Markings - ANSWER characteristics on the surface of the axial and appendicular bones that indicate attachments, articulations or openings for nerves and blood vessels, explains Boundless. Examples: Foramen, fossa, process, meatus, canal
Foramen (foramina) & example - ANSWER a hole in a bone (typically for nerves or blood vessels) Examples: foramen magnum, infraorbital foramen)
Fossa (fossae) & example - ANSWER a depression in a bone Examples: mandibular fossa, lacrimal fossa
Process & examples - ANSWER projection from bone, narrow or wide, protrudes from surrounding bone ex.: styloid or mastoid process
Meatus & examples - ANSWER a hole or tube-like structure (e.g. auditory meatus)
flexible, tolerates repeated bending
Elastic Cartilage is found where? - ANSWER in pinna (outer ear) and epiglottis -has a mesh like appearance
Fibrocartilage - ANSWER has little ground substance & matrix has thick, dense collagen fibers. Resists strong compression
Fibrocartilage is found where? - ANSWER in inter-vertebral disks, knee joint, public symphysis -it helps absorbs shock in joints
Cartilage Locations - ANSWER look in notes
Bone Tissue - ANSWER Much denser than cartilage, very little fluid. Resists compression and tension; very strong. Well vascularized, so it heals/remodels easy. Made of organic and inorganic materials -bone tissue is where bone has mineralize
Osteoblasts & Osteoclasts - ANSWER Bone is constantly being built up or broken down - growth, strengthening, remodeling, healing, maintenance.
Osteoblasts - ANSWER Builds new bone
Osteoclasts - ANSWER Break down (consume) bones and are mature bone cells
Spongy Bone - ANSWER (Trabecular bone) Inside bones
Better at shock absoption
Compact Bone - ANSWER (Cortical) Smooth, dense, external portion of bones Strong, rigid
Compact Bone Structure - ANSWER Osteon - structure unit
Osteon - ANSWER -Made up of concentric tubes are called lamellae -Oriented parallel to the long axis and main compression stresses
- Haversian (central) canal runs through the core of each osteon and provides blood supply, nutrients, nerves
Lamellae - ANSWER what makes up osteon
Haversian (central) canal - ANSWER runs through core of each osteon & provides blood supply, nutrients, nerves
Bones shapes and sizes - ANSWER Long bone - humerus, metacarpals, femur Short bone - talus Flat bone - sternum, skull Irregular bone - vertebra, ehtopoid, sphenoid
Structure of a Long Bone 1 - ANSWER Epiphysis - ends Epiphyseal Line - growth plate Diaphysis - shaft Compact bone - superficial Spongy bone - deep
- Endochondral Bone Ossification
Endochondral Bone Ossification - ANSWER -Most of the bones of the skeleton form this way
- Skeleton begins as Hyaline Cartilage model
- Bone replaces cartilage
- Epiphyseal (growth) plates ossify eventually
Closure of the Epiphyseal Plates - ANSWER Cartilage is gradually replaced by bone tissue on both sides of the epiphyseal plate (primary center of ossification at diaphysis & secondary centers of ossification in epiphyses) -When centers of ossification meets (a epiphyseal plate), growth stops
Skull - ANSWER - 28 Bones - very complex
- Most are "flat" bones, formed via intramembranous ossification(when bones form w/in a membrane)
- united by sutures (interlocking, immovable joints)
Major Structures of Skull - ANSWER 1. Coronal Suture- b/t frontal and parietal; corresponds w the coronal view
- Squamous suture-b/t the parietal bone and temporal bone
- Lambdoid suture-b/t the occipital bone and parietal bone
- Sagittal Suture- b/t the parietal bone along the midline; corresponds to the saggital plane
- Parietal bone-
- Frontal bone
- Temporal bone
- Occipital bone
- Sphenoid bone
Fetal/Infant Skull & sutures - ANSWER -not fused in infant skull bones
- Connected by flexible connective tissues to allow head to deform during birth & allow rapid brain growth
- Areas between bones are called fontanelles (soft spots) & fuses over times
Craniosynostosis - ANSWER pre-mature fusion of skull bones, leads to unusual cranial vault shape
-look at notes -sagital synostosis is when the sagittal suture fuses to early and the head long from anterior to posterior -coronal synostosis is when the coronal suture fuses too early and their head is too short along the anterior/ posterior surface
these require plastic surgery
what are the divisions of the Skull - ANSWER Subdivides into cranial & facial divisions
Cranial bone functions - ANSWER Protect brain provides attachments sites for some head/neck muscles
Facial bone functions - ANSWER form the framework of face opening the passage of air & food Hold the teeth anchor muscles of face
what is the cranium subdivided into - ANSWER Vault(calvarium) = superior, lateral &
tympanic squamous
Temporal Bones Regions- petrous - ANSWER -Petrous is best seen internally, contains middle and inner ear cavities. Petrous=hard.
external acoustic meatus - ANSWER opening in the tympanic region leading to the middle & inner ear
squamous portion - ANSWER is the vertical portion (part of cranial vault).
Temporomandibular Joint (jaw joint) - ANSWER where the condyle of the mandible articulates with temporal bone at the mandibular fossa just anterior to the external auditory meatus
Middle Ear Cavity (inside temporal bone) - ANSWER 3 ear ossicles in the middle ear: from lateral to medial they are: malleus, incus and stapes. Bones are really small. Sound waves cause vibrations of these bones that are transmitted to the inner ear (cochlea).
Sphenoid - ANSWER Large and wing-shaped/ butterfly shaped -seen on the lateral parts of the skull and deep w/in the orbits Landmark: Sella turcica - bony depression that holds the pituitary gland. Sphenoid is the only cranial bone that articulates with every other cranial bone.
Ethmoid Bone - ANSWER Just anterior to the sphenoid is the ethmoid bone. Ethmoid takes up most of the area between the nasal cavity and the orbits. Forms some boundaries of the nasal cavity, also separates nasal cavity from the brain.
Ethmoid - ANSWER - Crista galli attaches to cribriform plate; separates nasal cavity from brain, site of attachment for dura mater (membrane covering brain)
- Cribriform plate helps form the roof of nasal cavities; foramina allow passage of olfactory nerves into brain.
Facial Skeleton - ANSWER 14 Bones of the Face Mandible (unpaired) Vomer (unpaired) 2 Nasals 2 Lacrimals 2 Maxillae 2 Zygomatics 2 Palatine bones 2 Inferior nasal conchae
Bones of the Facial Skeleton - ANSWER -Lacrimal bones (paired): Lacrimal groove allows tears to drain into nasal cavity -Inferior nasal concha (paired) -Vomer-w/in nasal cavity and on midline (unpaired) -Nasal bones (paired) form bridge of nose attach to cartilages that form nose. -Zygomatic bones (paired) form cheekbones
what does the vomer form - ANSWER inferior portion of nasal septum
Cleft Palate - ANSWER -Failure of the 2 sides of the palate to join during development leads to cleft palate. --Severity varies. -Opening between mouth and nasal cavity makes effective nursing difficult so they have to use special equipment to do that. -Can be repaired surgically with good outcomes.
what is the largest and strongest bone in the face - ANSWER mandible
what does the body of the mandible contain - ANSWER lower teeth
what are are the tooth sockets on - ANSWER the superior border(alveolar processes)
mandibular symphysis - ANSWER (not visible) is where the two halves of the body join to form the chin (=mental protuberance).
where do vessels and nerves enter the mandible? exit? - ANSWER mandibular foramen exit- mental foramen inferior to teeth
what does the condyle of the mandible articulate w - ANSWER temporal bone at mandibular fossa to form the tempomandibular joint (TMJ,both sides)
what does the coronoid process of the mandible serve as - ANSWER attachment site for the temporalis muscle, a major chewing muscle
Fetal/Infant Face - ANSWER -Cranium is proportionately huge relative to the face in infancy & early childhood.
-By age 2, skull is 3/4 adult size. -Between ages 6-13, face grows outward & develops more "adult" proportions; body size begins to catch up with head.
Hyoid - ANSWER "Free floating" bone in neck inferior to mandible. Only bone in skeleton that does not articulate with any other bone. Acts as base for tongue, site of muscle attachments for muscles that move the larynx.
what does the thoracic cage include - ANSWER thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and costal cartilages
thoracic cage protects what - ANSWER heart lungs other organs
thoracic cage supports what - ANSWER pectoral girdle and provides attachment points
intercostal spaces hold muscles that aid in what - ANSWER breathing.
Sternum(breast bone) - ANSWER 3 bones -- Manubrium -- Body -- Xiphoid Process Articulates with: -- Clavicles superiorly -- Ribs & costal cartilages inferiorly
-Sternal angle is important landmark for thoracic anatomy.
-- Anchor pectoral & pelvic girdles
Curves of the Spine - ANSWER -Vertebrae become larger as move inferiorly to support weight -Sacrum articulates with hip bones of pelvis, passes weight to appendicular skeleton specifically the lower legs. -Curves increase flexibility; also position center of gravity over axis of body
Curves of the Spine: Scoliosis - ANSWER -Scoliosis - lateral curvature of the spine. Usually treated with body braces or surgery when young Lateral curvature is abnormal!!.
Kryphosis (Dowager's Hump) - ANSWER -Excessive curvature of the thoracic spine. -Typically the result of vertebral body factures caused by osteoporosis.
Osteoporosis - ANSWER -Results from imbalance in normal bone building & degradation cycle. Particularly after menopause, women don't absorb as much calcium & so osteoclasts break bone down to release the calcium into the bloodstream. -leads to weaker bones
Lordosis - ANSWER -Lordosis is excessive curvature of the lumbar spine. -Usually temporary & resulting from shift for a larger front load (belly in men, pregnant women).
what direction id the body of the vertebrae located - ANSWER anteriorly
what is the vertebral arch made of - ANSWER lamina and pedicles which form the vertebral foramen and surrounds the spinal cord
what do stacked vertebrae result in - ANSWER vertebral canal -spinous processes and transverse process are ligament and muscle attachment sites
where do vertebrae articulate - ANSWER at superior and inferior articular processes and facets -each articular process has an articular facet -individual vertebrae articulate w the vertebrae just superior and inferior to it - This articulation also makes intervertebral foramina between two vertebrae which also the passage for spinal nerves
Vertebral Column & Spinal Cord - ANSWER Notice how the spinal cord passes through, & is protected within, the vertebral (spinal) canal. Spinal nerves exit between the body of the vertebra & the vertebral arch via intervertebral foramina
Seven Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7) - ANSWER Cervical vertebrae features: -- Have transverse foramina -- Articular facets face superior/inferior -- Bifid (split) spinous processes Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2) are unusual (see the next slides
Atlas (C1) - ANSWER Atlas does not have a body or a spinous process. Articulates with occipital condyles, allows flexion/extension of head (nodding "yes").
Axis (C2) - ANSWER Dens articulates with atlas, allows rotational movement (shaking head "no"). Dens used to be the body of the atlas, but not part of axis.
Twelve Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12) - ANSWER Thoracic vertebrae:
--Provides a highly flexible system (lots of movement allowed), but not very stable.
does the scapulae join to the axial skeleton? - ANSWER no only by way of muscles and ligaments and its articulation w the clavicle is very loose
Pectoral Girdle: Clavicle - ANSWER -(collarbone) spans the superior thorax. It is -S-shaped. -Medially, the sternal & attaches to the -manubrium of the sternum. -Laterally, the acromial end articulates with the acromion process of the scapula -Function: provides muscle attachment, acts as brace for the scapula and arms. -The S-shape of the clavicle makes it prone to fracturing near the curves -The ligaments are quite strong, so the bone often breaks instead of dislocating.
Pectoral Girdle: Scapula - ANSWER -Located on the posterior surface of the rib cage. -Scapular spine is on the posterior side of the scapula. -The glenoid cavity (glenoid fossa) articulates with the humerus (= forms the shoulder joint). Posteriorly, supraspinous & infraspinous fossae are attachment sites for muscles. Subscapular fossa is anterior, also site for muscle attachment -The coracoid process is an attachment point of the biceps muscle. Located anteriorly. -The acromion articulates with the acromial end of the clavicle. Located posteriorly.
Upper Limb - ANSWER 30 bones. Divides into: Arm = upper arm. It has one bone: humerus Forearm. It has two bones: radius and ulna Hand (includes wrist). It has 27 bones: carpal bones, metacarpals and phalanges
Humerus - ANSWER Longest bone of the upper limb. Head articulates with scapula at the glenoid cavity.
Distal end articulates with radius and ulna (elbow) Greater & lesser tubercles are sites of muscle attachment; deltoid tuberosity is attachment for deltoid muscle. Most frequently fractures at the surgical neck.
Fractures of Humerus - ANSWER Commonly occur in two places: Surgical neck (1) Midshaft spiral fractures (2) Nerves (in yellow) pass along the bone and can be damaged by these two fractures. MAY lead to permanent upper limb dysfunction
Distal Humerus & Elbow (Anterior View) - ANSWER Two forearm bones articulate with humerus: ulna and radius. Ulna is the main forearm bone contributing to elbow. Trochlea of the humerus articulates with trochlear notch of ulna. Trochlear notch fits over trochlea to create a hinge. Coronoid process of ulna fits into coronoid fossa when forearm bends
Distal Humerus & Elbow (Posterior View) - ANSWER The olecranon process of ulna fits into the olecranon fossa of the humerus when forearm extends. Lateral & medial epicondyles on humerus are attachment sites for forearm muscles.
More Articulations at Elbow - ANSWER Capitulum of the distal humerus articulates with head of the radius. Radial head ALSO articulates with the radial notch of the ulna (proximal radioulnar joint) to form a pivot joint. Elbow can bend or forearm can twist
Ulna & Radius - ANSWER Ulna is medial, radius is lateral. Connected by interosseous membrane, to keep bones a fixed distance and allow rotation.
