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Mizzou Anatomy Exam 1 With Complete Solutions
Superior direction - ANSWER Towards the head Inferior - ANSWER Towards your feet Medial - ANSWER Towards midline Lateral - ANSWER Away from midline Proximal - ANSWER Towards trunk Distal - ANSWER Away from trunk Superficial - ANSWER Towards outer layer of skin Deep - ANSWER Innermost layer of body Axial skeleton - ANSWER Trunk and head of body skeleton Appendicular - ANSWER Arms and legs of skeletal body Abdominal Quadrants - ANSWER Right/left upper quadrant (RUQ) Right/left lower quadrant (RLQ) Arm, Forearm, Hand terms - ANSWER Brachial, antebrachial, manus
Thigh, Leg, Foot terms - ANSWER Femoral, crural, pes Thumb - ANSWER Pollex Big toe - ANSWER Hallux Dorsal surface - ANSWER Top of hand and foot Plantar surface - ANSWER Bottom of hand and foot Zygote - ANSWER Union of 2 gametes Embryo - ANSWER Child beginning to form limbs Fetus - ANSWER Fully developed child in the womb cleavage - ANSWER Rapid cell divisions Blastocyst - ANSWER Hollow ball of 2 cell types. Inner cell develops into embryo Primitive streak - ANSWER Forms into the back and creates the trilaminar disc Ectoderm - ANSWER Forms skin and nervous tissue Mesoderm - ANSWER Notochord, heart, kidneys, skeleton
Stratified squamous - ANSWER Protects against abrasion. Located of surface of skin(keratinized) mouth, esophagus, vagina (non-keratinized)
Stratified Cuboidal - ANSWER Protection and secretion. Located in ducts of sweatglands and exocrine glands
Stratified columnar - ANSWER Protection and excretion. Located in portion of maleurethra
Connective tissue- Collagen - ANSWER Resist pulling Connective tissue- Elastic - ANSWER Stretch or return to original Connective tissue-Reticular - ANSWER Support (Mesh) Properties of Connective tissue - ANSWER Cells, Protein fibers, Ground substance Areolar Connective tissue - ANSWER Loose connective tissue. Located in dermis andfibers separated by ground substance
Adipose Connective tissue - ANSWER Predominantly fat cells. Located around someorgans
Reticular Connective tissue - ANSWER Support and predominantly reticular cells andfibers. Located in stroma of spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow
Regular dense connective tissue - ANSWER Fibers alligned. Located in tendons andligaments
Irregular dense connective tissue - ANSWER Fibers run in different planes. Located indermis
Elastic dense connective tissue - ANSWER Elastic fibers than collagen fibers. Located inelastic arteries, vocal cords
Job of heart - ANSWER pump blood to every part of body Anatomy of the Heart - ANSWER Pulmonary Circulation - ANSWER Circuit through the lungs where blood is oxygenated Systemic Circulation - ANSWER Circuit through rest of the body to provide oxygenatedblood
Pericardium - ANSWER Fluid enclosing the heart Blood through the heart - ANSWER Blood enters through 2 atria and exits throughventricles. Deoxy enters right atrium through vena cava. Right side of heart pumps to pulmonary veins around lungs Cardiac wall- Edpicardium - ANSWER Outer layer, visceral layer of serous pericardium Cardiac wall- Myocardium - ANSWER Cardiac muscle layer contracts Cardiac wall- Endocardium - ANSWER Inner lining of heart. Simple squamous epithelium Right atrium - ANSWER Receives deoxygenated blood from body and heart
Systole - ANSWER Cardiac cycle when ventricles contract diastole - ANSWER Cardiac cycle when heart refills with blood following systole SA Node - ANSWER Acts as natural pacemaker of the heart Cardiac cycle - ANSWER Atrial systole-Ventricle systole- Diastole Atrioventricular valves are - ANSWER Mitral and tricuspid valve Semilunar Valves - ANSWER Valves just before blood leaves the Left/right ventricle intothe aorta and pulmonary arteries
Blood vessels- Tunica intima - ANSWER Endothelial cells Blood vessels- Tunica media - ANSWER Smooth muscle Blood vessels- Tunica externa - ANSWER Connective tissue Artery Type- Elastic - ANSWER Large near heart Artery Type- Muscular - ANSWER Middle sized supply organs Artery type- arterioles - ANSWER Connect to capillaries (small) Capillaries function - ANSWER Smallest vessel. Bring oxygen to surrounding tissues andpick up gas/waste
Anastomoses - ANSWER Provide alternate pathway for circulation. Found around joints(elbow) and gastrointestinal circulation
Lymphatic system Function - ANSWER Returns excess fluid to bloodstream. Transportdietary lipids. Generates immune response
Lymph components - ANSWER Excess interstitial fluid, solutes, foreign material Lymph capillaries function - ANSWER Thin walled vessels which drain extra-cellular fluid Chyle Cistern - ANSWER Diliated sac at lower end of thoracic duct which lymph flows Lymph node functions - ANSWER Removes pathogens from lymph Location of lymph nodes - ANSWER neck (cervical), armpits (axillary), groin (inguinal) Thymus (Lymph) - ANSWER T cells mature here Spleen (Lymph) - ANSWER Secondary organ because it houses mature cells only.Destroys old blood cells and pathogens
External respiration - ANSWER Gas exchange between atmosphere and blood Internal respiration - ANSWER Gas exchange between blood and cells of body Respiratory function - ANSWER Sound production, smell, and defense Nasal septum - ANSWER Midline of the nose
Bronchial tree - ANSWER Branching system of bronchi and bronchioles conducting air Which cavity houses the lungs - ANSWER Thoracic cavity Cardiac notch - ANSWER Lateral deflection of the border of the left lung to make up forheart space
Peritoneum - ANSWER Serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity Intraperitoneal - ANSWER Inside peritoneal cavity. Includes somtach, liver, ileum,jejunum
Retroperitoneal - ANSWER Behind peritoneal cavity. Includes pancreas, duodenum,ascending/descending colon
Peristalsis - ANSWER Waves of smooth muscle contraction in gut tube Peristalsis voluntary or involuntary - ANSWER Involuntary because it happens withoutconscious control
Segmentation - ANSWER Mixes the food Mechanical digestion - ANSWER Physically breaking the food into smaller pieces Chemical digestion - ANSWER breaking down food into simpler nutrients Primary site of nutrient absorption - ANSWER Jejunum
Primary site of water absorption - ANSWER Large intestine Digestion in stomach - ANSWER Churning action breaks down food Bolus - ANSWER small rounded mass of substance such a food at time of swallowing Hard palate - ANSWER Made of bone. Towards the teeth Soft palate - ANSWER Made of Soft muscle towards uvula How many teeth should be present in adult mouth - ANSWER 32 teeth including wisdom Role of tongue - ANSWER Vital for chewing and swallowing food and speech Role of salivary glands - ANSWER Moisten the food so it's easier to chew and swallow Papillae - ANSWER Bumps on the tongue that contain taste buds Which papillae contain taste buds - ANSWER Circumvallate, fungiform, foliate Where is the epiglottis - ANSWER Front of the larynx Esophagus function - ANSWER Relax to let person swallow and pass to the stomach Chyme - ANSWER Liquid substance found in the stomach Regions of small intestine - ANSWER Duodenum, Jejunum, ileum
Pituitary secretion is controlled by what - ANSWER Hypothalamus Thyroid Gland - ANSWER Butterfly shaped gland around trachea Thyroid gland hormones - ANSWER thyroid hormone and calcitonin Parathyroid Gland location - ANSWER Embedded posterior of thyroid Parathyroid gland function - ANSWER Produce parathyroid hormones. Regulate bloodcalcium levels
Adrenal glands location - ANSWER Located on superior surface of kidney Adrenal gland function - ANSWER aids in extreme stress Pineal gland location - ANSWER Located in the the brain Pineal gland function - ANSWER cells synthesize melatonin (needed for circadianrhythm)
Pancreas - ANSWER Exo and endocrine gland Pancreas exocrine function - ANSWER Digestive enzymes Pancreas endocrine function - ANSWER Glucagon and insulin. Alpha cells produceglucagon. Beta cells produce insulin.
Secondary endocrine glands - ANSWER Heart, thymus, kidney, ovaries, GI tract Arteries on Heart - ANSWER Left/right coronary artery Pulmonary trunk location - ANSWER Exits right ventricle and forms into the right/leftpulmonary arteries
Aorta - ANSWER Exits the left ventricle. Forms into ascending aorta Aortic arch 3 arteries - ANSWER brachiocephalic artery, Left common carotid artery,left subclavian artery
Brachiocephalic artery bifurcates into - ANSWER Right subclavian artery, right commoncarotid artery
Inferior vena cava carries blood from - ANSWER Lower body Superior vena cava carries blood from - ANSWER head, arms, and upper body Brachiocephalic vein - ANSWER subclavian merge together to form into superior venacava
Carotid artery bifurcates into - ANSWER internal and external carotid artery Internal carotid artery supplies - ANSWER brain external carotid artery supplies - ANSWER facial region Internal jugular vein takes blood from - ANSWER deep parts of the face and neck
External iliac artery turns into what - ANSWER Femoral artery femoral artery forms into what - ANSWER Popliteal artery (knee) Popliteal artery forms into what - ANSWER Anterior and posterior tibial artery What artery is in the foot - ANSWER Plantar arch External iliac vein collects from what vein - ANSWER Great saphenous vein What vein comes off great saphenous vein - ANSWER Small saphenous vein. Feedsposterior part of leg
Which arteries/veins does deoxygenated blood go to get oxygenated at the lungs -ANSWER Pulmonary arteries and veins
which artery supports the duodenum through the transverse colon - ANSWER Superiormesenteric artery
Which artery supports the descending colon to the rectum - ANSWER inferiormesenteric artery
Valve between left atrium and ventricle - ANSWER bicuspid valve Order of pooping leaving the sigmoid colon - ANSWER Rectum- anal canal- internalsphincter- external sphincter (voluntary)- anus
Subclavian vein merges with what - ANSWER internal jugular vein
Maxillary artery supplies what - ANSWER teeth and nasal cavity Superficial temporal artery - ANSWER Continuation of external carotid artery. Suppliesside of head and parotid gland
small saphenous vein drains what - ANSWER Posterior of leg Great saphenous vein drains what - ANSWER Medial thigh and leg Great and small saphenous veins drain into what - ANSWER Femoral vein External jugular vein drains into what - ANSWER Subclavian Vein Splenic artery gives blood to what - ANSWER Spleen Common hepatic artery gives blood to what - ANSWER liver Gastric artery gives blood to what - ANSWER stomach Renal arteries supplies what - ANSWER Kidneys Gonadal arteries - ANSWER Supply testes Superior mesenteric and splenic vein unite to form what - ANSWER Hepatic Portal Vein Blood exits liver via what vein - ANSWER Hepatic vein
