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Migration, Its Causes, Defination, Aspects
Typology: Study notes
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migration is^ a geographical phenomenon^ that seems^ to be^ a human^ necesity
sense,migration^ is ordinaril^ defined^ as the permanent^ or semi-^ rmanentche of resi or
concerningthemselveswith population dynamics and the problems
Migrationtogetherwith 'fertility' and 'mortality' is a fundamentaleleg
difficult to provide a scientific essentialcriterion for classificationof
intra-urban.On the basis of time criterion, migration may be temporal
short. (^) On the basis of number, migration may be individual or mass;it
urban hierarchy.
Causes of Migration
Migration depends (^) on various push and pull factors ranging from
networks and governmental actions. The causes of migration may
Migration (^187)
and these may range from natural calamities, climatic change, epidemics, drought to sc<ial,economic, cultural and political. The overpopulation and heavy pressure
short distance migration. Many a time the differences between groups in levels of technology' and economic opportunities (^) also cause large-scale (^) migration.
(a) Technology
Contrary to this, less advanced groups may be attracted to the greater opportu-
conqueredvast areas in Europe, North Africa and South-West (^) Asia. During this
advancedin education and technology. With this, they conquered large territories in Central Asia, Northern^ Africa, Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) and easternparts of Europe. In the 14th and 15th centuries, the Europeans had better navigationships and they discovered America, Australia and numerous unknown
exploited more populated territories of Asia and Africa. After the Industrial Revolution in 1779,the Europeans emigrated to North
countriesand to exploit their resources.
(b) Economic Causes One of the prime motives of emigration seems to be economic. Man's need to have virgin land to till has inspired him to migrate to distant areas. It was because of this reasonthat the slaves (African Negroes) were transported to the plantations in tropical America. European colonialism helped establish islands of development throughout the world. Islands of development are often coastal^ cities becausetheir
Statesof America, Latin America and the West Indies. Lust for virgin land also motivated the Europeans to emigrate from UK, Ireland, France, Germany, Italy, Spain,Portugal, Holland, Belgium and Denmark and to settle into the Praries of USAand Canada. In the 17th and 18th centuries, about 20 to 40 hectares of land vas usedto be given free of cost to the emigrants^ in USA who owned nothing in their homeland. The temptation to have land became a great magnetic force for the Europeansto settle in America. Heavy pressure on the land resources^ in the motherland also forced the people to outmigrate and to settle in areas where economic benefits may be achieved. The pastoralpeople and nomads of Central Asia invaded the territories of the sedentary people.The Mongols, Tatars, Uzbeks, Yakuts and Kurds migrated in the medieval periodand got settled in the fertile valleys of Farghana, Panjsheer (Afghanistan), Volga,Armenia and Caucasus mountains.
reasonswhich compel the youths to leave their home for the places, areas, regions
Migration 189
nationallevels.^ At present, it is most frequently seen in underdeveloped rural areas wherethe outstripping of resources by population growth may be evident in under- nourishmentor underemployment. Throughout the human history, migration took place because of the overpop- ulationin a community or region. In such a case, emigration may affect all social
domestic servants,^ agricultural^ labourers,^ unskilled^ workers, technicians,
skilledand semi-skilledpeople outmigrate.
(d)Social and Religious Causes Thehuman desire to stay, work and enjoy life with the pepple of his ethnic, social and religious groups is also an important cause of migration. In every period of humanhistory social factors led to large-scaleemigration. In the middle ages, there wasthe emigration of Balkan peoples owing to the dominance of Muslim Turks. In the 20th century, -there has been expulsion of Jews from Germany, Spain and Russia(erstwhile USSR). There is large-scale outmigration^ of Muslims from Bosnia and Serbia (erstwhile Yugoslavia). Muslims are moving out from Afghanistan, Syria,Yemen, Iraq, Myanmar (Burma). The feeling of insecurity is compelling manyof the Kashmiri Pandits and Punjabi Hindus to outmigrate from Jammu & Kashmirand Punjab respectively, while the Muslims prefer to migrate from the
slumlocalities in Delhi, Mumbai, Ahmadabad, Meerut, Muzaffarnagar, Allahabad, Agra,Kanpur, Lucknow, Varanasi, etc. because of social and religious persecutions
dominatedareas to Hindu dominated areas. Health, climate, education and other socialamenities are also responsible for migration at the regional, national and international levels.
(e)cPoliticalCauses One of the important causes of migration, especially after the Second World War, is the (^) political one. Political refugees is a worldwide phenomenon today. One can list numerousexamples of political migration. These included, Turkish, Armenians. and white (^) Russians (^) early in the 20th century; European Jews after the Second World War, Palestinians, Chinese, Hungarian (freedom fighters), Cubans, Indians, Pakistanis,Bangladeshis, Kashmiris, Tamils, Vietnamese, Syrians, Iraqis, Kurds, Afghans,Myarmanian Rohingya Muslims, Iranians, Somalians, Kurds, Serbians, Bosnians,Kosovos and Albanians. All these are the examples of forced migrations inducedby political factors.
minorities by nations. For example, the Sudeten Germans repatriated from
tinent (^) in 1947.Following the collapse of Soviat Union in 1991,thousands of Jews
Migrat:on 191
Demographic Causes A number of demographic factors also play a vital role in the migration pattern. For example,age has been recognized as one of the important demographic factors
growth of population that determines the extent of population pressure in an area. The great historic movement of the Europeans across the Atlantic Ocean was an expressionof increasing^ pressure of population on the resource base of Europe. Similarly,in India, the large-scale^ outmigration from the overpopulated parts of Odisha,Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal,^ Kerala, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh is largely due to a poor population-resource ratio in these areas.
(g) Diffusion^ of Information The availabilityof information^ ough education, cultural contacts and spatial interaction also increase the chances of population migration. The communities that are ruled by orthodoxy, conservativism, rigid traditions, customs and strong
nities. Thus, migration generates more^ migration, which^ signifies the role of
developed and less attractive areas like Bolivia, Columbia, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua,Central African Republic, Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia, Yemen, etc.
With the advancement in science and technology, new items of comfort and luxury
peoplegoes up. Everybody is tempted to enjoy a better standard of living. In India and Pakistan as well as in all the developing countries, the young men who were better-offthan their fathers were nonetheless dissatisfied,and many sought to better
managersand doctors are emigrating to USA, Canada, and in large number profes- sional (^) unskilled and semi-skilled labour inmigrating towards Saudi Arabia and the Gulf countries.
Warshave been one of the important causes of human migration. Wars have always involved (^) upheavals, particularly in the regions where these have been fought. The
displacementof about 60 million people. Some people were forced to move to avoid politicaland religious persecution even long before the war. Millions were moved in the forced transference of ethnic minorities, millions more in evacuation and flight
several millions, and subsequent resettlement involved still further^ movement. Nearly a million Poles and Jews were deported by. Germany during the war, another