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Midterm Exam Questions - Evolution - Fall 2010 | BIO 3701, Exams of Theory of Evolution

Florida Institute of Technology (FIT)Theory of Evolution
Prof. Michael S. Grace

Material Type: Exam; Professor: Grace; Class: Evolution; Subject: Biological Sciences; University: Florida Institute of Technology; Term: Fall 2010;

Typology: Exams

2009/2010

Uploaded on 12/08/2010

sunkist89
sunkist89 🇺🇸

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Bio 3701: Evolution
Fall, 2010 NAME_______________________________________________________
Mid-Term Exam: Friday, October 8, 2010
Multiple Choice (4 points each)
1. A gene produced by mRNA reverse-transcription and DNA reincorporation into the genome is
(a) a pseudogene
(b) an indel
(c) a paralogous gene
(d) an orthologous gene
(e) a retrotransposon
2. A character that provides useful information with respect to phylogeny is
(a) a homologous character
(b) an analogous character
(c) an orthologous character
(d) a character state
(e) both “a” and “b”
3. Allele fixation:
(a) increases average heterozygosity
(b) leads to increased population diversity
(c) occurs because of new mutation
(d)decreases population variation
(e) is a direct result of point mutations
4. Genetic drift
(a) is an important component of natural selection
(b)is a non-adaptive form of evolution
(c) changes the genetic make-up of individuals
(d) is synonymous with “gene flow”
(e) all of the above
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Bio 3701: Evolution Fall, 2010 NAME_______________________________________________________ Mid-Term Exam: Friday, October 8, 2010 Multiple Choice (4 points each)

  1. A gene produced by mRNA reverse-transcription and DNA reincorporation into the genome is (a) a pseudogene (b) an indel (c) a paralogous gene (d) an orthologous gene (e) a retrotransposon
  2. A character that provides useful information with respect to phylogeny is (a) a homologous character (b) an analogous character (c) an orthologous character (d) a character state (e) both “a” and “b”
  3. Allele fixation: (a) increases average heterozygosity (b) leads to increased population diversity (c) occurs because of new mutation (d)decreases population variation (e) is a direct result of point mutations
  4. Genetic drift (a) is an important component of natural selection (b)is a non-adaptive form of evolution (c) changes the genetic make-up of individuals (d) is synonymous with “gene flow” (e) all of the above
  1. Genome duplication most readily occurs in species that can self-fertilize because (a) self-fertilizing species are rare (b) non-self-fertilizers are more fit as diploids (c) non-self-fertilizers are far less likely to find mates with diploid gametes (d) self-fertilizers are more likely to produce diploid gametes (e) all of the above Short answer (5 points each unless otherwise stated): Answer each question specifically.
    1. Define “ring species”, telling why they are important to evolutionary science Ring species exist in a ring-like fashion around some geological boundary, and where the species meets at the confluence of the ring-like distribution, the two populations are distinct (perhaps so much so that they could be called two distinct species). They are important because they illustrate the process of speciation.
    2. (8 pts) Name 4 requirements for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
      • no mutation
      • no gene flow (i.e., no migration)
      • no genetic drift
      • no natural selection
      • random mating (list 4 out of these five)
    3. (8 pts) Name 4 things required for evolution to occur by means of natural selection.
      • variation among individuals
      • at least some of this variation must be heritable
      • competition among individuals
      • differential reproduction that is based upon competition among individuals vary in a heritable manner
    4. Some genes get inserted into the genome without promoters. What is their role in evolution and their value to evolutionary biologists? Genes lacking promoters do not participate in the process of natural selection because they do not produce protein and therefore do not affect phenotype. However, these genes can and do accumulate mutation by the same processes leading to mutation in protein-encoding genes. Because these mutations are neither selected for or against, such genes are useful for calculating phylogenetic history based upon rate of mutation.

Short essay (10 points each)

  1. What is meant by “phenotypic plasticity”, and how was this demonstrated to be an adaptation in populations of Daphina in Germany? Genes are transcribed and translated into proteins which form the basis of phenotype. Phenotype is not static, however, and the capacity for phenotypic change in an individual (phenotypic plasticity) can also be a genetically-based component of phenotype. The German daphnia study showed that phototaxis is a genetically-based aspect of phenotype and that these invertebrates can change their phototaxis behavior based upon whether predators (fish) are present. This research indicated that the capacity for phenotypic plasticity in the response to fish is an evolved trait- daphnia that lived in lakes for long periods of time without fish exhibited diminished capacity for plasticity in their phototaxis behavior.
  2. What is the genetic basis of the neurological disorder known as Hereditary Neuropathy with Liability to Pressure Palsies. How does this disorder illustrate molecular homology? HNLPP is a disorder of peripheral myelination. The PMP-22 gene produces a protein important in the formation of myelin which speeds transmission of information in neurons that travel long distances. The PMP-22 gene is flanked by CMT1A repeats, duplicated segments of DNA that can lead to unequal crossing over. If unequal crossing over occurs, it yields one chromosome with two copies of the PMP-22 gene, and another chromosome with no copies of the PMP-22 genes. Individuals who inherit a chromosome 17 with loss of the PMP-22 gene have only one copy of the gene (on chromosome 17 from the other parent) exhibit HNPP. Individuals who have three total copies of the PMP-22 gene exhibit Charcot-Marie- Tooth disease.
  3. What is the effect of inbreeding on the genetic structure of a population? How can population size and gene flow affect inbreeding? Inbreeding increases the likelihood of homozygosity, including homozygosity for deleterious alleles) and this phenomenon happens most readily and rapidly in small populations. That is, inbreeding is far more likely as populations become increasingly small). In addition, small populations necessarily have limited genetic diversity. Gene flow through immigration is likely to increase genetic diversity, whereas emigration likely lowers genetic diversity even further.