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Intrinsic
Goods
Goods of its nature; good-in-itselfExample: Pleasure TERM 2
Instrumental
Goods
DEFINITION 2 Goods that allow us to get other things (good)Example: Medicine and Money TERM 3
Sensation
DEFINITION 3 Literally feeling of pleasure experiencesThe opposite of sensual excitement is physical pain TERM 4
Satisfaction
DEFINITION 4 Intellectual pleasure; a pleasurable state of consciousness such as one we experience after accomplishing a successful venture or receiving a gift. TERM 5
Hedonist
DEFINITION 5 The ethical doctrine holding that all pleasure is good, that pleasure is the only thing good in itself, and that all other goodness is derived from this value.
NonHedonist
Divided into two camps: Monist and Pluralist TERM 7
Monist
DEFINITION 7 Believe that there is a single intrinsic good but that is not pleasure TERM 8
Pluralist
DEFINITION 8 Believes that there are other intrinsic goods as well, such as knowledge, friendship, freedom, love, conscientiousness and life itself. TERM 9
Objective
DEFINITION 9 Good that is independent of human experience or rational experience. Believes that Good is simple.Example: Moore believes that a world with beauty is more valuable than one that is a garbage dump, regardless of whether there are conscious beings in those worlds. TERM 10
Subjective
DEFINITION 10 Good that depends upon human experience. Good is good in so far of the experience.Example: John desire to join the Ku Klux Klan, but it is not good.
Moore: Naturalistic Fallacy (Yellow)
Moore argued, is as impossible as defining 'yellow'; Yellow is a simple concept. It is simple in that it cannot be defined in terms of any other concept (for instance green). Yellow is yellow, that is as far as one can get when trying to define it. Just so with good. Good cannot be defined or analyzed. TERM 17
Plato: Speaking Truth and Paying debts
DEFINITION 17 Sometimes right, sometimes wrongFor Example: Returning a friend's deposited weapon when he is sane. Not willing to tell the truth in that state. TERM 18
Plato: Justice is giving peoples due
DEFINITION 18 Treating your friends well could harms one's enemy.Example: A good guardian is also a good thief; Asking the his weapon when he is sane to kill someone. TERM 19
Plato: Whatever benefits stronger
DEFINITION 19 This can be a mistake; for example, an athlete at his advantage to eat beef to build up his physical strength might not be just for us to eat beef for advantageous. TERM 20
Relationship (power, state, and
justice)
DEFINITION 20 In justice is always more profitable than justice; For Example: Bribing and blackmailingLeaders do what's beneficial for others; Good men don't rule willingly (harm to them)
Parfitt: Success Theory
Appeals to all our preferences about our own lives.For example: Suppose that I strongly want not to be deceived by other people. on the success theory, it would be worse for me if my belief is false. It is bad for me if this desire that "not to be deceived by others" is not fulfilled, even if I falsely believe that it is. TERM 22
Parfit: Preference Hedonism
DEFINITION 22 an extension of Hedonism, asserts that happiness from other alternatives leads to a good life.For Example: Suppose that I strongly want not to be deceived by other people. It would be better for me if I believe that I'm not being deceive by others. TERM 23
Parfit: Objective List Theory
DEFINITION 23 Certain things are good and bad for people, whether or not these people would want to have the good things, or to avoid the bad things.For Example: Suppose that I strongly want not to be deceived by other people.People want not to be deceived because this is bad for them. TERM 24
Parfit: Good Parent
DEFINITION 24 Having children and being a good parent, knowledge, and the awareness of true beauty. The bad things might include being betrayed, manipulated, deceived, etc. TERM 25
Parfit: Addiction Example
DEFINITION 25 Ignorance your particular desire because you have yourself taken these desires into account in forming your global preference. Example: You would not prefer not to become addicted, and you would later prefer to cease to be addicted.
Bentham: Circumstances of the individuals
Its Fecundity- The chance it has of being followed by sensations of the same kind; for example, pleasure, if it be a pleasure; pains, if it be a pain. Its purity- chance it has of not being followed by sensations of the opposite kind; for example, pain, if it be a pleasure; pleasures, if it be a pain. TERM 32
2 Main Principles of Utilitarianism
DEFINITION 32 Consequential principle: states that the rightness or wrongness of an act is determined by the results that flow from it. Utility Principle: states that the only thing that is good in itself is some specific type of state (e.g., pleasure, happiness, welfare, fulfillment). TERM 33
Hedonistic Utilitarianism
DEFINITION 33 View pleasure as tee sole good and pain as the only evil.Reference: Bentham: "Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters; pain and pleasure. it is from them alone to point out what we ought to do as well as what we shall do." TERM 34
Eudaimonistic Utilitarianism
DEFINITION 34 distinguished between two different kinds or orders of pleasure. The lower kind (eating, drinking, sex) are more intense, but lead to pain when taken to excess. The higher kind (high culture, intellectual creativity, spirituality) are less intense, but are more protracted. Mill argued that the higher pleasures are superior to the lower pleasures. TERM 35
Act Utilitarianism
DEFINITION 35 believe that we should apply the Principle of Utility directly. Whenever we are trying to decide what to do, we should reflect on which option will yield the most happiness.
Rule Utilitarianism
believe that we should apply the principle to rules rather than individual acts. For instance, rules promoting honesty, promise keeping etc, would, almost certainly, be utility maximizing if everyone acted by them. Therefore those are the rules that you should follow (even if other people arent). TERM 37
Mill: Utility or Greatest Happiness
Principle
DEFINITION 37 idea that any action that promotes happiness (or the absence of pain) is good/right. Actions that produce the reverse of happiness, like pain (privation of pleasure), is wrong.Example: seeking happiness as the end goal in life. Here's how it applies in modern society: you go to high school in order to receive a diploma and get into college; you go to college to get a specialized degree for a certain job; you get that job to make an income; you make an income in order to have a nice home; All these things brings you the ultimate happiness. TERM 38
Mill: Theory of life
DEFINITION 38 Mill claims that pleasure and the freedom from pain are the onlythings desirable as ends for human beings. TERM 39
Mill: Desirability
DEFINITION 39 A decided preference and irrespective of any feeling of moral obligation to prefer it is more desirable pleasure. humans preferred lower pleasures because it has a higher chance to fully satisfied. It is better the be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied, but it is better to be a fool dissatisfied than a pig satisfied. humans end up preferring lower pleasures because of they have no time or opportunity for indulging for them; or the only ones to which they have access or capable of enjoying. Reference: Human can experience higher pleasure because of reasoning. TERM 40
Mill: Experts role
DEFINITION 40 People who are acquainted with both pleasures. They can speak from experience. Also have discerning taste and good judgement.
Williams: Negative Responsibility
Responsible for things/acts, you don't do, make others do, and prevent others from doing. TERM 47
Williams: Notion of Impartial Universalability
DEFINITION 47 Good/ Moral/Right thing to do is impartial to do. Reception of Harms and benefits are consequentialism to their production. TERM 48
Williams: George Phd&Jim guest
DEFINITION 48 George should take the job even though he oppose chemical and biological warfare. Jim should kill one Indian and save the 19 Indians. TERM 49
Williams: Integrity
DEFINITION 49 Each is specifically responsible for the acts concerning for the general goods. TERM 50
Williams: 2 Kinds of remote effects
DEFINITION 50 Psychological effects: Fail to keep a promise, the consequences that result for others, the institution of promise keeping. Current effects: Effects on me
Williams: Persuit of Happiness VS
Commitment and projects
Not only making others happy but being taken part or involved in any of the vast range of projects or if we waive moralizing association with commitments. Pursuit of happiness is one has to believe in, or at least want other things for there to be anywhere that happiness can come from. UT eliminates us from moral feelings. TERM 52
Kant: 3 Proposition of morality
DEFINITION 52
- An action must be done from duty in order to have a moral worth2. It has moral worth not because of its consquences but in the maxim according to which the action is determined.3. duty is the necessity of an action done out of respect for the laws (not out of inclination) TERM 53
Kant: 3 ways actions can relate to duty
DEFINITION 53
- In conflict of duty2. In accordance of duty3. From duty TERM 54
Kant: ShopKeeper&False Promise
DEFINITION 54
- cheating, lying (immorally wrong)2. Fair price; self-interest -Extend Consideration - Sympathy/empathy for customers (amoral=no moral worth)3. from duty (moral, right); right thing to do;my duty
