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MIDTERM EXAM: NR 507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, 2025/2026 WITH CORRECT/ACCURATE ANSWERS anemia risk factors - CORRECT ANSWERS- acute or chronic blood loss, increased hemolysis, inadequate dietary intake or malabsorption, bone marrow suppression, age function of hemoglobin - CORRECT ANSWERS- In red blood cells, carries oxygen from the lungs to body's tissues and returns carbon dioxide from tissues back to lungs. It also maintains the shape of red blood cells. causes of anemia - CORRECT ANSWERS- - impaired RBC production - excessive blood loss - increased RBC destruction hemolytic anemia - CORRECT ANSWERS- premature destruction of RBCs causes of hemolytic anemia - CORRECT ANSWERS- infection transfusion reaction hemolytic disease of the newborn (Rh incompatibility) autoimmune reaction drug induced
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anemia risk factors - CORRECT ANSWERS- acute or chronic blood loss, increased hemolysis, inadequate dietary intake or malabsorption, bone marrow suppression, age function of hemoglobin - CORRECT ANSWERS- In red blood cells, carries oxygen from the lungs to body's tissues and returns carbon dioxide from tissues back to lungs. It also maintains the shape of red blood cells. causes of anemia - CORRECT ANSWERS- - impaired RBC production
hemolytic disease of the newborn (Rh incompatibility) autoimmune reaction drug induced development of anemia due to gastrectomy - CORRECT ANSWERS- loss of intrinsic factor from surgery results in the loss of protein necessary for vitamin B12 absorption an can lead to anemia what kind of anemia can result from incorrect blood transfusion - CORRECT ANSWERS- hemolytic anemia normocytic normochromic anemia - CORRECT ANSWERS- Characterized by red cells that are relatively normal in size and hemoglobin content but insufficient in number hemolytic anemia is what kind of anemia - CORRECT ANSWERS- normocytic normochromic anemia polycythemia vera - CORRECT ANSWERS- condition characterized by too many erythrocytes; blood becomes too thick to flow easily through blood vessels Kidney Anatomy - CORRECT ANSWERS- renal artery renal vein cortex, medulla, renal pelvis ureter renal pyramid nephron
secretion (kidney) - CORRECT ANSWERS- movement of solutes from blood to filtrate anywhere besides bowman's capsule able to secrete salts, acids, bases and urea directly into the tubule via active or passive transport what is secreted into the tubule depends on what the body needs at that time ex. eating a lot of protein nitrogen waste is a product of protein metabolism (ammonia) liver converts ammonia to urea and the kidneys secreted urea into the tubule for secretion also possible to eliminate products that are in excess in the blood -- potassium, hydrogen, metabolites or medications can secrete things that were too larger to fit through the glomerulus's pore filtration (kidney) - CORRECT ANSWERS- movement of solutes from blood to filtrate at bowman's capsule 20% of the blood that goes through the glomerulus is passed as filtrate into the bowman's capsule
depends on the hydrostatic and oncotic pressures/ starling forces between the glomerulus and bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure: a lot higher in the glomerulus (move into the nephron/bowman's capsule) oncotic pressure: higher in the blood/glomerulus than in the bowman's capsule (move into the blood/glomerulus) hydrostatic pressure is greater so there will be movement into bowman's capsule usually favors the filtrate to go into the bowman's capsule each persons full body is filtered about every 40 minutes Conditions associated with renal failure - CORRECT ANSWERS- - congenital abnormalities in the urethral tract development
Descending infection - CORRECT ANSWERS- The blood can carry bacteria from a focus of infection in another part of the body to the kidneys. The bacteria then pass with the urine down the ureters to the bladder. Ascending infection - CORRECT ANSWERS- - urethra to bladder, and then to kidney
imobility. Stoned more common in men than women usually ages 30/50. benign prostatic hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWERS- benign growth of cells within the prostate gland BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) - CORRECT ANSWERS- Age- associated prostate gland enlargement that can cause urination difficulty. BPH treatment - CORRECT ANSWERS- - Alpha-adrenergic antagonists: terazosin, doxazosin
oncotic pressure: higher in the blood/glomerulus than in the bowman's capsule (move into the blood/glomerulus) hydrostatic pressure is greater so there will be movement into bowman's capsule usually favors the filtrate to go into the bowman's capsule each persons full body is filtered about every 40 minutes angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) - CORRECT ANSWERS- an enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II What does angiotensin II do? - CORRECT ANSWERS- increases blood pressure by vasoconstriction Role of macrophages - CORRECT ANSWERS- -In Innate:
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - CORRECT ANSWERS- control the airways ability to constrict and dilate alveolar hyperinflation - CORRECT ANSWERS- When air is unable to move out of the alveolar like it should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air inside how does hyperinflation occur? - CORRECT ANSWERS- the ongoing inflammatory process of asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - CORRECT ANSWERS- - expanded thorax and hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
how does chronic bronchitis lead to respiratory acidosis? - CORRECT ANSWERS- hyperinflation of the alveoli causes CO retention Where does air enter the body? - CORRECT ANSWERS- naso and oropharynx (mouth and nose) Where does air go after it passes through the nose and mouth? - CORRECT ANSWERS- it passes through the trachea After air passes through the trachea where does it go? - CORRECT ANSWERS- goes into the left or right bronchi Where does air flow after the bronchi? - CORRECT ANSWERS- into the smaller bronchioles Where does air flow after the bronchioles? - CORRECT ANSWERS- into the alveoli Describe how blood flows to become oxygenated - CORRECT ANSWERS- - deoxygenated systemic blood flows from the vena cava to R atrium