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Midterm #1 | HIST 420 - FASCISM IN EUROPE, Quizzes of World History

Old Dominion UniversityWorld History

Class: HIST 420 - FASCISM IN EUROPE; Subject: History; University: Old Dominion University; Term: Spring 2011;

Typology: Quizzes

2010/2011

Uploaded on 02/26/2011

rhelv001
rhelv001 🇺🇸

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TERM 1
Definition:
Fascism
DEFINITION 1
- authoritarian nationalist political + corporatist economic
ideology - only the strong can survive - "totalitarian" - ideas
+ practice= praxis - collectivism - ring-winged
TERM 2
Giovanni Gentile
DEFINITION 2
- "the philosopher of fascism" - minister of public instruction
(education)
TERM 3
Gentile Reform (1923)
DEFINITION 3
- complete educational reform - the NEW fascist citizen w/
states values - goal= forming future upper classes
TERM 4
Stanley Payne
DEFINITION 4
- generic fascism - "...useful only for the limited purpose of
comparison/distinction
TERM 5
Roger Griffin
DEFINITION 5
- Fascism= genus political ideology mythic core is
palingenetic form populist ultra-nationalism
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pf4
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pf9
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Partial preview of the text

Download Midterm #1 | HIST 420 - FASCISM IN EUROPE and more Quizzes World History in PDF only on Docsity!

Definition:

Fascism

  • authoritarian nationalist political + corporatist economic ideology - only the strong can survive - "totalitarian" - ideas
  • practice= praxis - collectivism - ring-winged TERM 2

Giovanni Gentile

DEFINITION 2

  • "the philosopher of fascism" - minister of public instruction (education) TERM 3

Gentile Reform (1923)

DEFINITION 3

  • complete educational reform - the NEW fascist citizen w/ states values - goal= forming future upper classes TERM 4

Stanley Payne

DEFINITION 4

  • generic fascism - "...useful only for the limited purpose of comparison/distinction TERM 5

Roger Griffin

DEFINITION 5

  • Fascism= genus political ideology mythic core is palingenetic form populist ultra-nationalism

Mythic Core

  • Italy= not based on blood - Germany= based on blood TERM 7

Emilio Gentile

DEFINITION 7

  • "experience of faith" - Fascism= SAVIOR of Italy from Bolshevism - "Believe, Obey, Fight" - idea of "conversion" of masses- desires and needs into state and not individual TERM 8

Emilio Gentile: Link to Morality

DEFINITION 8

  • state takes place of religion - political "religion" TERM 9

Alexander De Grand

DEFINITION 9

  • comparative concepts rather than distinct definitions TERM 10

Paradoxes

DEFINITION 10

  • national and international - reactionary and revolutionary (architecture) - public and private - rich continue to be rich (social classes remain) - evidence of populist theme

Italy in the Wake of War: Regency of Carnaro

  • short-lived gov't in Fiume - led by Gabriele D' Annunzio (romantic poet): opposition against Mussolini, declares war on Italy - helps to declare Fiume (modern-day Rijeka, Croatia) an independent state in Sep. 1919 TERM 17

Italy in the Wake of War: Treaties of Peace

DEFINITION 17

  • Treaty of St. Germaine 1920- w/ Austria: assigns Fiume as independent state - Treaty of Rapallo 1920: to solve desputes over territories in upper adriatic - Rome Agreement 1924: Mussolini takes back Fiume back as part of Italy TERM 18

"Ripe" for Fascism: Politics of the State?

DEFINITION 18

  • Border issues - Foreign policy - Parliamentary democracy TERM 19

"Ripe" for Fascism: Economy?

DEFINITION 19

  • Postwar - Modernization - North/South divide TERM 20

"Ripe" for Fascism?

DEFINITION 20

  • Military - Church relations - worker relations, socialism - Red Biennium: labor riots/strikes

Red Biennium

  • Beginning in Milan and spreading throughout - 2 "red years"
  • Mussolini suffers defeat in election TERM 22

Major Opponents of

Fascism

DEFINITION 22

  • Catholic Party (partito popolare italiano): Luigi Sturzo (priest) - Socialists: factions- maximalists and moderates TERM 23

Consolidating Fascist Power

DEFINITION 23

  • Fasces: peasant cooperatives/industrial workers' unions TERM 24

The RAS and the Squads

DEFINITION 24

  • RAS= fascist of the first order/ violent, leaders of the squads
  • Squads= "black shirts"/ imposing order/ lawless/ fascist shock troops, March on Rome 1922 TERM 25

The Legal State: Exceptional Decree

DEFINITION 25

  • calls on the gov't to make changes to fix economy - passed Nov. 1922

Special

Tribunal

  • death penalty - allowed to hold for suspicion TERM 32

Fascist Secret Police

(OVRA)

DEFINITION 32

  • created 1930 - vigilance and repression of anti-fascism TERM 33

Organizing the Economy

DEFINITION 33

  • fascist consolidation and disciplining the economy: syndicalism TERM 34

Syndicalism (Syndicalist Laws April 1926)

DEFINITION 34

  • economic system: federations collectivised trade unions/industrial unions - Alfredo Rocco: Rocco reforms- designed to discipline the economy TERM 35

Vidoni Pact (Oct. 1925)

DEFINITION 35

  • outlawed all trade unions except Fascist Party

A Corporatist Government

  • defense of the lira (Quota Novanta 1926): currency manipulation- 90 lira to 1 pound sterling - discipline of commerce: increased liscenses and controls - charter of labor (1927): labor court - Istituto Mobilaire Italiano 1930's: state takeover of banks - Istituto Ricostruzione Industriale1933: (IRI) consolidation of industry TERM 37

Autarky

DEFINITION 37

  • quality of being self-sufficient TERM 38

Society and Mentalite

DEFINITION 38

  • "believe, obey, fight" TERM 39

Educational Reform

DEFINITION 39

  • fascist youth: ONB, University Professors' Oaths TERM 40

ONB (Opera Nazionale Ballila)

DEFINITION 40

  • task of "reorganizing the youth from a moral and physical point of view" - ballila: (BOYS 8-14) nickname of perasso (boy who led revolt against Hapsburgs) additional schooling - avanguardie (14-18) - piccole italiane (GIRLS 8-14)

International Press

  • speed of executions: " for reasons other than just judicial efficiency" TERM 47

Responsibilty

DEFINITION 47

  • Borba (ties to Yugoslavia) - TIGR (anti-fascists front with slavic complection) - Guistizia e liberta TERM 48

TIGR

DEFINITION 48

  • fifth column threat to the fascist state - bombings/assassinations - taken out by the OVRA TERM 49

Giustizia e Liberta (Justice and Freedom)

DEFINITION 49

  • founded in Paris 1929 by Italian exiles - leaders: Salvemini, Rosselli, Nitti, and Lussu - anti-fascist "republican" front: liberal socialist orientation TERM 50

Italian Branch of Giustizia e

Liberta

DEFINITION 50

  • "headquartered" in Turin: Carlo Levi, Leon Ginzburg (russian jew) - 1934 Ponte Tresa Affair (Ginzburg carrying anti-Fascist material across border from Switzerland)

"Years of Consent"

  • Renzo De Felice - Gli anni del consenso 1929-1936 - debate over "consent" TERM 52

"Battle for Land" 1928

DEFINITION 52

  • "return to agriculture" - Bonifica integrale (land reclamation and drainage) - Pontine Marshes (central Italy) low tract of agricultural land created by draining and filling TERM 53

Battle for Grain 1925

DEFINITION 53

  • way Italy would become self-sufficient TERM 54

Battle for the Lira 1926

DEFINITION 54

  • attempt to raise the claims of Italy becoming a GREAT POWER - policy confirmed in Pesaro Speech (Aug. 1926): Quota Novanta (Quota 90) TERM 55

Festa dell'uva 1930-

DEFINITION 55

  • celebrated as a tradition - double as harvest festivals/celebrate wine making and other foods/beverages made w/ grapes - Sagra= older roman use, semi-religious implication (sacred worship)

Political

Philosophies

  • women's suffrage - minimum wage - eight-hour workday - reorganization of public transport TERM 62

Mussolini's Aims

DEFINITION 62

  • restore nationalist pride - re-start the economy - increase productivity with labor controls - remove economic business controls - impose law and order TERM 63

Paradoxes

DEFINITION 63

  • according to Gentile could not be conceived without UNITY - UNITY= totalitarianism--> fascism TERM 64

Private vs. Public

DEFINITION 64

  • Gentile: public & private were a priori identified with each other TERM 65

Irredenta

DEFINITION 65

  • emerged after Italian unification - Italy had to reach its "natural borders"

Triple Alliance 1882

  • Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary - DEFENSIVE alliance - Italy went behind back of Germany and Austria-Hungary - Italy didn't step into war because Germany and Austria-Hungary had taken OFFENSIVE - later Italy entered against Germany and Austria- Hungary TERM 67

Italy and Austria-Hungary

DEFINITION 67

  • relationship= BAD - Austria held Italia Irredenta (Trentino and Istria) TERM 68

Treaty of London 1915

DEFINITION 68

  • Italy was to leave the Triple Alliance and join Triple Entente (secret agreement w/ Britain) - Italy to declare war against Germany and Austria-Hungary - in return: obtain Italia Irredenta TERM 69

March on Rome 1922

DEFINITION 69

  • Mussolini takes power from Prime Minister Luigi Facta and is appointed in his place - transition made possible by surrender of public authorities in face of fascist intimidation TERM 70

Alfredo Rocco: Syndicalism

DEFINITION 70

  • blaimed weak Italian economy on the large influence other European countries had on Italy (individualism)