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"Four great inventions of Ancient China"
Why 1815? The World in 1800: China vs. Western Europe The Four Great Inventions of ancient China (, meaning "four great inventions") are four inventions that are celebrated in Chinese culture for their historical significance and as signs of ancient China's advanced science and technology. They are the compass, paper making, gun powder, and printing. TERM 2
geocentric theory vs. heliocentric theory
DEFINITION 2 Why 1815? The World in 1800: China vs. Western Europe Geocentric theory is the original belief of the Roman Catholic Church whereas the Earth was the center of all universe. Later the Heliocentric theory (Sun as the center of the Solar System) was proven while surviving great scrutiny and controversy. This is a great marking period of the Enlightenment. TERM 3
imperial examination system
DEFINITION 3 Why 1815? The World in 1800: China vs. Western Europe The Imperial examinations (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: kj) in Imperial China determined who among the population would be permitted to enter the state's bureaucracy. The Imperial Examination System in China lasted for 1300 years, from its founding during the Sui Dynasty in 605 to its abolition near the end of the Qing Dynasty in 1912. TERM 4
scholar-bureaucrats
DEFINITION 4
Why 1815? The World in 1800: China vs. Western Europe
Scholar-bureaucrats or scholar-officials (Chinese: ) were civil
servants appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-
to-day governance from the Sui Dynasty to the end of the
Qing Dynasty in 1912, China's last imperial dynasty.
TERM 5
"Mandate of
Heaven"
DEFINITION 5 Why 1815? The World in 1800: China vs. Western Europe Mandate of Heaven (Chinese: ; pinyin: Tinmng) is a traditional Chinese philosophical concept concerning the legitimacy of rulers. It concerns legitimacy of rule and divine approval, and thus is superficially similar to the Western absolutist divine right of kings; but unlike the divine right of kings, the Mandate of Heaven is predicated on the conduct of the ruler in question.
dynastic cycles
Why 1815? The World in 1800: China vs. Western Europe
Dynastic cycle (traditional Chinese: ; simplified Chinese: ;
pinyin: Chodi Xnhun) is an important political theory in the
Chinese history. According to this theory, every dynasty
goes through a culture cycle.
TERM 7
Enlightenment
DEFINITION 7
Why 1815? The World in 1800: China vs. Western Europe The
Age of Enlightenment (or simply the Enlightenment) is a term
used to describe a time in Western philosophy and cultural
life, centered upon the eighteenth century, in which reason
was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for
authority.
TERM 8
Prince Henry "the Navigator"
DEFINITION 8 Sites of World Interaction: Voyages of Encounter and Mercantilism- the "Columbian Exchange" Henry the Navigator (Porto, 4 March 1394 - 13 November 1460 in Sagres) was an infante (prince) of the Kingdom of Portugal and an important figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire, being responsible for the beginning of the European worldwide explorations. TERM 9
Bartholomew Dias
DEFINITION 9
Sites of World Interaction: Voyages of Encounter and
Mercantilism-the "Columbian Exchange" Portugese explorer
who pioneered the eastern Portuguese Empire after safely
rounding the Cape of Good Hope at the tip of Africa in 1487.
TERM 10
Christopher Columbus
DEFINITION 10
Sites of World Interaction: Voyages of Encounter and
Mercantilism-the "Columbian Exchange" Spanish explorer
who landed in the eastern Bahamas thinking he was in the
East Indies. He mistook his first landfall as an outer isaland of
Japan. This error transformed voyages of discovery into
expeditions of conquest.
triangular trade
The Atlantic Slave Trade; "Amistad" (movie clip) The best-known triangular trading system is the Transatlantic Triangular Trade, that operated during the 17th, 18th, and early 19th centuries, carrying slaves, cash crops, and manufactured goods between West Africa, the Caribbean or American colonies and the European colonial powers, with the northern colonies of British North America, especially New England, sometimes taking over the role of Europe. TERM 17
middle passage
DEFINITION 17
The Atlantic Slave Trade; "Amistad" (movie clip) The Middle
Passage refers to the forcible passage of African people from
Africa to the New World, as part of the Atlantic slave trade.
TERM 18
"Concert of Europe"
DEFINITION 18
Europe After 1815: The Congress of Vienna and the Pax
Britannica The Concert of Europe, also known as the
"Congress System," was the balance of power that existed in
Europe from the fall of Napoleon in 1815 until the early 20th
century.
TERM 19
collective security
DEFINITION 19
Europe After 1815: The Congress of Vienna and the Pax
Britannica Collective security can be understood as a
security arrangement in which all states cooperate
collectively to provide security for all by the actions of all
against any states within the groups which might challenge
the existing order by using sanctions and force.
TERM 20
Pax Britannica
DEFINITION 20
Europe After 1815: The Congress of Vienna and the Pax
Britannica Pax Britannica (Latin for "the British Peace",
modelled after Pax Romana) was the period of relative peace
in Europe when the British Empire controlled most of the key
naval trade routes and enjoyed unchallenged sea power.
workshop of the world
Europe After 1815: The Congress of Vienna and the Pax
Britannica Informal term for England in the 19th century; the
expression was used by Disraeli in the House of Commons in
1838, in reference to the British manufacturing and industrial
capacity.
TERM 22
Franco-Prussian War
DEFINITION 22 Europe After 1815: The Congress of Vienna and the Pax Britannica The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War (19 July 1870 - 10 May 1871) was a conflict between Second French Empire and Kingdom of Prussia. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia. TERM 23
Conservatism vs. Liberalism
DEFINITION 23 Europe After 1815: The Congress of Vienna and the Pax Britannica While liberal values tend to include the possible justification of revolution, the importance of the individual, and an emphasis on individual freedom from state control and religious establishment, conservative values tend to include a respect for an ordered society in which people "know their place," established religion, and a patriarchal family structure carried over to the state. TERM 24
Transportation-communications revolution
DEFINITION 24
Nineteenth Century "Isms": Dteterminism, Nationalism, and
Imperialism (definitions, types, and justifications) 1844-
"Perfection of the Telegraph" 1860-1861 "Pony Express"
1869 "Transcontinental Railroad"
TERM 25
Social Darwinism
DEFINITION 25 Nineteenth Century "Isms": Dteterminism, Nationalism, and Imperialism (definitions, types, and justifications) Social Darwinism is a pejorative term used to attack ideologies or ideas allegedly misusing concepts in biology in social sciences to promote a wide range of social concepts such social evolution through artificial selection, as well as other social and economic ideas including deliberate conflict between individuals, groups, nations, and ideas.
White Man's
Burden
Nineteenth Century "Isms": Dteterminism, Nationalism, and
Imperialism (definitions, types, and justifications) "The 'White
Man's Burden" is a poem by the English poet Rudyard
Kipling. This describes the "duty" of European powers to
colonize and conquer the imbalanced and primitive societies.
TERM 32
Otto van Bismarck
DEFINITION 32 Nineteenth Century "Isms": Dteterminism, Nationalism, and Imperialism (definitions, types, and justifications) Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck (1 April 1815 - 30 July 1898) was a Prussian/German statesman of the late 19th century, and a dominant figure in world affairs. As Ministerprsident of Prussia from 18621890, he oversaw the unification of Germany. In 1867 he became Chancellor of the North German Confederation. He designed the German Empire in 1871. His diplomacy of Realpolitik and powerful rule gained him the nickname "The Iron Chancellor". TERM 33
realpolitick
DEFINITION 33
Nineteenth Century "Isms": Dteterminism, Nationalism, and
Imperialism (definitions, types, and justifications) Realpolitik
(German: ' -realistic-, -practical- or -actual-; and ' -politics-)
refers to politics or diplomacy based primarily on practical
considerations, rather than ideological notions or moralistic
premises.
TERM 34
"Manifest Destiny"
DEFINITION 34
The United States: From "Manifest Destiny" to Latin America
and East Asia Manifest Destiny is a term that was used in the
19th century to designate the belief that the United States
was destined, even divinely ordained,[1] to expand across
the North American continent, from the Atlantic seaboard to
the Pacific Ocean.
TERM 35
Frederick Jackson Turner
DEFINITION 35 The United States: From "Manifest Destiny" to Latin America and East Asia - Frederick Jackson Turner (November 14, 1861 - March 14, 1932) was an American historian in the early 20th century. His essays are collected in The Significance of the Frontier in Hungrian History, which won the Pulitzer Prize for History in 1933. Turner's sectionalism thesis had almost as much influence among historians as his frontier thesis. He argued that different ethno- cultural groups had distinct settlement patterns, and this revealed itself in politics, economics and society
frontier thesis
The 'Frontier Thesis' is the conclusion put forth by Frederick Jackson Turner that the origin of American exceptionalism created freedom, constantly named as civilization, "breaking the average bond of custom, offering new experiences, [and] calling out new institutions and activities." Turner first announced his thesis in a paper entitled "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," delivered to the American Historical Association in 1893 at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. TERM 37
"Ghost dance"
DEFINITION 37
Noted in historical accounts as the Ghost Dance of 1890, the
Ghost Dance was a religious movement incorporated into
numerous Native American belief systems.
TERM 38
Alfred Thayer Mahan
DEFINITION 38
Alfred Thayer Mahan (September 27, 1840 - December 1,
1914) was a United States Navy flag officer, geostrategist,
and educator. His ideas on the importance of nautical tactics
influenced navies all around the world, and helped prompt
naval buildups before World War I.
TERM 39
The Significance of Naval Power in World
History
DEFINITION 39
The Influence of Sea Power Upon History: 1660-1783 is an
influential treatise on naval warfare written in 1890 by Alfred
Thayer Mahan. It details the role of sea power throughout
history and discusses the various factors needed to support a
strong navy.
TERM 40
Simon
Bolivar
DEFINITION 40
Simn Jos Antonio de la Santsima Trinidad Bolvar Palacios y
Blanco, commonly known as Simn Bolvar (July 24, 1783
December 17, 1830) was a Venezuelan political leader.
Together with Jos de San Martn, he played a key role in Latin
America's successful struggle for independence from Spain.
Hundred Days Reform
The Hundred Days' Reform was a failed 104-day national
cultural, political and educational reform movement from 11
June to 21 September 1898 in late Qing Dynasty China.
TERM 47
"Cairo to the Cape" plan
DEFINITION 47 The Cape to Cairo Railway is an uncompleted project to cross Africa from south to north by rail. This plan was initiated at the end of the 19th century, during the time of colonial rule, largely under the vision of Cecil Rhodes, in the attempt to connect adjacent African possessions of the British Empire through a continuous line from Cape Town, South Africa, to Cairo, Egypt. While most sections of the Cape to Cairo railway are in operation, a major part is missing between northern Sudan and Uganda.
