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Microbiology with disease by taxonomy
1-7 exam with complete solutions
microbiology - correct answer -The study of small things also known as microorganisms SUBGROUPS OF MICROBES - correct answer -bacteria archaea fungi protozoans algea virus helminths prokayotes - correct answer -unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus eukaryotes - correct answer -organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles bacteriophage - correct answer -A virus that infects bacteria and destroys bacterial cells avian flu - correct answer -This flu, a disease that is found in poultry, can also affect humans. helminth - correct answer -A parasitic worm (as a tapeworm, liver fluke, ascarid, or leech). bacteria - correct answer -single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission fungi - correct answer -An organism that absorbs nutrients from the environment. archaea - correct answer -One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being Bacteria. protozoa - correct answer -microscopic, one-celled animals often found in decayed materials and contaminated water algae - correct answer -Grow in soil, on trees and on the bodies of turtles and frogs; smallest of all green plants and on rocks
viruses - correct answer -tiny particles, smaller than bacteria and other pathogens, which must invade living cells in order to reproduce; when they invade, the cells are damaged or destroyed in the process releasing new particles to infect other cells TWO TYPES OF PROTOZONES: - correct answer -giardia ameba bacteriology - correct answer -study of bacteria mycology - correct answer -study of fungi parisitology - correct answer -study of parasites immunology - correct answer -study of the immune system epidermiology - correct answer -The study of the frequency and distribution of a disease in a defined population is biotechnology - correct answer -A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes. virology - correct answer -study of viruses and viral diseases enviromental microbiology - correct answer -relationships between microbes and among microbes, other organisms, and their environment bioremediation - correct answer -The use of living organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems
Beginning with Pasteur's work, discoveries included the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs Robert Koch - correct answer -Developed Koch's postulates - important technique for determining theactual microbial cause agent of a disease - more later, German, contemporary of Pasteur, several very important contributions1. He discovered the tuberculosis bug (tubercle bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis)2. He discovered the cause of anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) - from blood of dead cattle, cultured bacteria in pure culture, injected bacteria in live cattle and they died, then again cultured the bacteria in pure culture. This led to theestablishment of a procedure for determining microbial cause of disease (see p. ____-for modern application of Koch's postulates) GERM THEORY OF DISEASE - correct answer -that microorganisms cause disease (in people, animals, and even plants) Iwanowski (1892) - correct answer -Discovered that plant disease can be caused by small organisms thatwere so small they passed through filters , Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was lateridentified as the cause - beginning of virology Paul Ehrlich - correct answer -German doctor, wanted to find a "magic bullet" an agent that would kill the disease agent without hurting the patient
- Developed Salvarsan, "salvation from syphilis"agent
- This was an arsenical - arsenic compound, that was effective against syphilisAntimicrobial agent, medicine to treat a microbial disease, it was chemical -chemotherapy Joseph Lister - correct answer -1860's, English surgeon that applied ideas of the germ theory to surgery, remembered the work of Semmelweis in Hungary in the 1840's, if a Dr. would wash their hands childbed fever was prevented. He knew that phenol would kill bacteria; put 2 and 2 together and treated wounds with phenol - and no infection (phenol is the basic agent of today's - Lysol)1. First antiseptic use in surgery, chemicals used as agents on tissue before surgery(tissue treated with an antimicrobial agent - antiseptic, betadine) disinfectants are chemicals, used on a surface2. Also proved that microbes cause surgical infections (today's scourge -MRSA) Alexander Fleming - correct answer -Scottish physician and bacteriologist - 1928Observed mold growing on a bacteria culture, there was a ring of clearing around the mold where the bacteria didn't grow, the mold was later found to be a Penicillium species and the naturally secreted chemical was called penicillin, an antibiotic1. Antibiotics are natural agents2. Synthetic drugs are chemicals produced in labs (sulfas)3. Problems with them - toxicity, resistance, allergic reactions4. Fleming's work - shelved until
early WWII, sulfas were failing, needed penicillin to cure battle field wounds5. Now have thousands of antibiotics and synthetics (and a significant problem - resistance) Salk - correct answer -Polio vaccine, 1950's polio was a scary epidemic, Salk developed a vaccine bytreating the virus with formalin (IPV) inactivated polio virus Sabin - correct answer -1963 live Polio virus vaccine, attenuated -altered virus, OPV-oral polio vaccineThe work done on polio revolutionized the science of virology and we are seeingthe results today in advances with Hepatitis and HIV viral infections - tissueculture and other techniques Watson and Crick (1953) - correct answer -discovered the structure of DNA Jacob and Monod - correct answer -Jacob and Monod - 1965 Did research on RNA and protein synthesis in bacteria - lastnecessary step in understanding how genetics works on a cellular level (Replication,Transcription, Translation - protein synthesis - expression of traits)Modern science thrives today only on the laid foundation of thousands of men andwomen who did mundane routine and often boring lab science. Classifying Bacteria - correct answer -Classifcation, Taxonomy, Binomial nomenclature systematics - correct answer -is the discipline of identifying and classifying organisms. How are living organisms assigned to groups? - correct answer -Living organisms are assigned to groups based upon their similarities. 3 domains - correct answer -- 1. Archaea - ancient "bacteria", unicellular like bacteria, also simple cell structure (prokaryote - no nucleus) but have distinct metabolism (chemistry) allowing them to exist in "extreme" environments- 2. Bacteria - unicellular, prokaryote, found everywhere (Old kingdom name - Monera)- 3. Eukarya - unicellular to multicellular, complex and organized cells with nuclei and organelles (mitochondria) Domain archaea - correct answer -single- celled organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus. - Prokaryote. Can be found in environments that are too hostile for other life forms.
CELL THEORY - correct answer -The cell theory states that all biological organisms are composed of cells; cells are the unit of life and all life come from preexisting life. Cell - correct answer -structural and functional unit of life Cell Diversity - correct answer -• Over 200 different types of human cells• Types differ in size, shape, subcellular components, and functions Membrane Lipids - correct answer -• 75% phospholipids (lipid bilayer)- Phosphate heads: polar and hydrophilic- Fatty acid tails: nonpolar and hydrophobic• 5% glycolipids- Lipids with polar sugar groups on outer membrane surface• 20% cholesterol- Increases membrane stability Integeral proteins - correct answer -- Firmly inserted into membrane (most are transmembrane)- Have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions• Can interact with lipid tails and water- Function as transport proteins (channels and carriers), enzymes, or receptors TYPES OF PASSIVE PROCESSES - correct answer -Diffusion Filtration diffusion - correct answer -• Simple diffusion• Carrier- and channel-mediated facilitated diffusion• Osmosis filtration - correct answer -• Usually across capillary walls Passive Processes Diffusions - correct answer -• Collisions cause molecules to move down or with their concentration gradient - Difference in concentration between two areas• Speed influenced by molecule size and temperature Pageof 15 ZOOM © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Cell Theory• Cell - structural and functional unit of life • Organismal functions depend on individual and collective cell functions• Biochemical activities of cells dictated by their shapes or forms, and specific subcellular structures• Continuity of life has cellular basis
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Cell Diversity• Over 200 different types of human cells• Types differ in size, shape, subcellular components, and functions© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Cell Diversity• Over 200 different types of human cells• Types differ in size, shape, subcellular components, and functions © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 3.1 Cell diversity.ErythrocytesFibroblastsEpithelial cellsCells that connect body parts, form linings, or transport gasesSkeletalmusclecellSmoothmuscle cellsCells that move organs and body partsFat cellMacrophageCell that stores nutrients Cell that fights diseaseNerve cellCell that gathers information and controls body functionsCell of reproductionSperm © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Membrane Lipids• 75% phospholipids (lipid bilayer)- Phosphate heads: polar and hydrophilic- Fatty acid tails: nonpolar and hydrophobic• 5% glycolipids- Lipids with polar sugar groups on outer membrane surface• 20% cholesterol- Increases membrane stability © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.• Integral proteins- Firmly inserted into membrane (most are transmembrane)- Have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions• Can interact with lipid tails and water- Function as transport proteins (channels and carriers), enzymes, or receptorsAnimation: Transport ProteinsMembrane ProteinsPLAY © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Passive Processes Passive Process: Simple DIffusion - correct answer -• Nonpolar lipid-soluble (hydrophobic) substances diffuse directly through phospholipid bilayer- E.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide, fat-soluble vitamins Passive Processes: Facilitated diffusion - correct answer -• Certain lipophobic molecules (e.g., glucose, amino acids, and ions) transported passively by- Binding to protein carriers- Moving through water-filled channels Passive Process: Osmosis - correct answer -• Water concentration varies with number of solute particles because solute particles displace water molecules• Osmolarity - Measure of total concentration of solute particles• Water moves by osmosis until hydrostatic pressure (back pressure of water on membrane) and osmotic pressure (tendency of water to move into cell by osmosis) equalize
- When solutions of different osmolarity are separated by membrane permeable to all molecules, both solutes and water cross membrane until equilibrium reached• When solutions of different osmolarity are separated by membrane impermeable to solutes, osmosis occurs until equilibrium reached Osmolarity - correct answer -Measure of total concentration of solute particles Aniline Dyes - correct answer -Synthetic organic dyes made from coal-tar products, used on fixed bacterial smears and shape of bacterial bodies clearly seen.
Differential stain - correct answer -using multiple dyes to differentiate between cell structures gram positive - correct answer -G+, purple a.) thicker peptidoglycan cell wall (holds stain) b.) more susceptible to penicillin antibiotic c.) less susceptible to mechanical treatment for stain removal Gram negative - correct answer -G-, red (pink) a) thin peptidoglycan layer of cell wall b) more susceptible to streptomycin antibiotic Gram-staining - correct answer -Differential staining technique that allows you to classify bacteria as either gram-positive or gram-negative. Procedure is based on rate of decolorization. Gram-Negative def - correct answer -A classification of bacteria that decolorize easily. Gram-Positive def - correct answer -A classification of bacteria that decolorize slowly and retain the primary stain. Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible? - correct answer -This idea, known as spontaneous generation, is now known to be false. What causes fermentation? - correct answer -1.bacteria ferment grape juice to produce acids 2.yeast cells ferment grape juice to produce alcohol What causes disease? - correct answer -bacteria How can we prevent infection and disease? - correct answer -Semmelweis and handwashing Lister's antiseptic technique Nightingale and nursing
Snow - infection control and epidemiology Jenner's vaccine - field of immunology Ehrlich's "magic bullets" - field of chemotherapy
