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Microbiology - Test Bank questions with 100% accurate answers rated A+ 100% Quarantee
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Which of these is considered to be the smallest unit of life?
a) the nucleus
b) the mitochondrion
c) a plasmid
d) the cell
e) a prion
d) The smallest unit of life is the cell.
The study of microbiology includes all of the following EXCEPT _____.
a) plants
b) viruses
c) bacteria
d) fungi
e) algae
a) The study of microbiology includes all of the following EXCEPT plants.
What percent of the dry weight of the cell is composed of DNA?
a) 2 - 5
b) 12 - 15
c) 25 - 30
d) 35 - 40
e) 50 - 55
a) 2-5 % of the dry weight of the cell is composed of DNA
What are the three Domains of life?
a) Monera, Animals, and Plants
b) Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
c) Prokaryote, Eukaryote, and Fungi
d) Animals, Plants, and Bacteria
e) Prokaryote, Eukaryote, Archaea
b) Bacteria, Achaea, and Eukarya are the three Domains of life.
Which of the characteristics of life is not displayed by any individual organism?
a) metabolism
b) growth
c) reproduction
d) evolution
e) response
The size and shapes of Archaean cells suggest relatedness to:
a) Bacteria
b) Prokaryotes
c) Eukaryotes
d) All other life forms
e) No other life forms; their sizes and shapes are unique
a) the size and shapes of Archaean cells suggest relatedness to Bacteria
Phosholipid structure in Archaean cells suggests relatedness to:
a) Bacteria
b) Prokaryotes
c) Eukaryotes
d) All other life forms
e) No other life forms; their structure is unique
e) Phospholipid structure in Archaean cells suggests relatedness to no other life forms; their structure is unique
Which molecular tool most assisted in providing a more reliable way to verify the assertions made by Woese et al in their 1990 paper on phylogeny?
a) Polymerase chain reaction
b) RNA to DNA conversion using reverse transcriptase
c) RNA sequencing
d) DNA sequencing
e) Protein sequencing
a) Polymerase chain reaction was the molecular tool used to provide a more reliable way to verify the assertions made by Woese et al in their 1990 paper on phylogeny
If E. coli DNA polymerase, not Taq polymerase were used in polymerase chain reaction assays to amplify SSUrRNA gene sequences, we would expect to see:
a) increased short fragment DNA sequences
b) decreased short fragment DNA sequences
c) the same number of short fragment DNA sequences
d) increasd long fragment DNA sequences
e) decreased long fragment DNA sequences
b) if E. coli DNA polymerase were used in polymerase chain traction assays to amplify SSUrRNA gene sequences, we would expect to see decreased short fragment DNA sequences.
Figure B1.1 (other side of card) represents an artist's attempt to illustrate the process of PCR. What is the most significant error you notice in this figure?
a) DNA strands are not fully denatured
b) Primers are not annealed
c) PCR products cannot separate from template DNA
d) Taq polymerase is not shown in the illustration
e) dNTPs are not shown in the illustration
a) Stromatolites
b) Biofilms
c) Resin
d) Cyanobacteria
e) Stalagmites
a) stromatolites are fossilized microbial mats containing photosynthetic bacteria
Which statement below is FALSE concerning the atmosphere of early earth?
a) The atmosphere was a reducing atmosphere.
b) Oxygen was present in very minute amounts.
c) Carbon dioxide was present in very minute amounts.
d) Hydrogen gas was present.
c) The atmosphere of early earth contained carbon dioxide present in high concentration, not very minute amounts
The discovery of ribozymes provides evidence that life on the early Earth may have been based on:
a) DNA.
b) proteins.
c) RNA.
d) lipids.
e) polysaccharides.
c) the discovery of ribozymes provides evidence that life on the early Earch may have been based on RNA
What is the Endosymbiotic Theory is used to explain?
a) the rapid evolution of viruses
b) antiphagocytic abilities of parasitic protozoa
c) emergence of cell walls
d) presence of mitochondria in eukaryotes
e) development of the nucleus in eukaryotes
d) the Endosymbiotic Theory is used to explain presence of mitochondria in eukaryotes
You are a scientific illustrator working on this figure (back of card) Your primary intention when revising this figure is to emphasize the concept of semi-conservative replication. What color changes would you make to the figure to enhance comprehension?
a) make all DNA strands blue in the figure
b) make the dsDNA a blue-green hybrid and each newly synthesized strand of the color that makes the new dsDNA blue-green hybrid in appearance too
c) change all DNA strands to be different colors
d) do not make any changes, semi-conservative replication is clearly conceptualized
e) all suggestions are equally informative
b) To enhance comprehension of semi-conservative replication, you would make the double stranded DNA (dsDNA) a blue-green hybrid and each newly synthesized strand of the color that makes the new dsDNA blue-green hybrid in appearance too
a) Error prone RNA polymerase creates a mutant mRNA from a correct DNA template
b) Mutated tRNA introduces leucine instead of phenylalanine against the correct mRNA sequence
c) Mutated ribosome creates a environment where mRNA-tRNA mismatches occur infrequently
d) Both a and b are possible correct scenarios
e) All of these possibilities could explain the translational error
d) Error prone RNA polymerase creates a mutant mRNA from a correct DNA template AND mutated tRNA introduces leucine instead of phenylalanine against the correct mRNA sequence
Eukaryal life forms without mitochondria do exist. Which of the following do you think they are likely to be?
a) animals
b) terrestrial plants
c) oceanic giant kelps
d) single celled protists
e) all are equally plausible
d) single celled protists are the most likely ekaryal life forms without mitochondria
When would you speculate that the extinction of most eukaryal life forms without mitochondria would have begun?
a) 3.5 billion ybp
b) 3 billion ybp
c) 2 billion ybp
d) 1 billion ybp
e) 500 million ybp
c) The extinction of most eukaryal life forms without mitochondria would have begun 2 billion ybp (years before present)
Which of these best describes horizontal gene transfer?
a) mitosis followed by cytokinesis
b) meiosis and subsequent formation of a zygote
c) transfer of genes from mother cell to daughter cell
d) DNA replication followed by crossing over
e) acquisition of genes from another organism in the same generation
e) Gene transfer involves the aquisition of genes from another organism in the same generation
Which of these gene expression errors will result in heritable genetic change?
a) DNA polymerase error introducing an incorrect base
b) RNA polymerase error creating a mutated mRNA
c) RNA polymerase error creating a mutated tRNA
d) RNA polymerase error creating a mutated rRNA
e) All will lead to heritable changes
a) DNA polymerase error introducing an incorrect base will result in a heritable genetic change
Which is the correct distinction between a heterotroph and an autotroph?
b) First appeared on earth about 3.5 billion years ago.
c) Carry out oxygenic photosynthesis.
d) Members of the Archaea domain.
e) A type of eukaryotic algae.
c) Cyanobacteria carry out oxygenic photosynthesis
A chemoautotroph:
a) obtains carbon and energy from organic molecules.
b) obtains energy from the sun and carbon from organic molecules.
c) obtains energy from the sun and carbon from inorganic molecules.
d) obtains carbon and energy from inorganic molecules.
e) obtains energy from the sun and carbon from carbon dioxide only.
d) A chemoautotroph obtains carbon and energy from inorganic molecules
What term applies to the oxidation of glucose to pyruvate for the generation of energy?
a) gluconeogenesis
b) Krebs cycle
c) lactate fermentation
d) pentose phosphate pathway
e) glycolysis
e) glycolysis is the oxidation of glucose to pyruvate for the generation of energy
Which of these is required during aerobic respiration?
a) oxygen
b) glucose
c) nitrate
d) pyruvate
e) water
a) oxygen is required during aerobic respiration
During nitrogen fixation, microorganisms convert:
a) nitrate to dinitrogen gas.
b) dinitrogen gas to ammonia.
c) ammonia to dinitrogen gas.
d) dinitrogen gas to nitrate.
e) ammonia to nitrate.
b) During nitrogen fixation, microorganisms convert dinitrogen gas to ammonia
During ammonification, microorganisms convert:
a) Ammonia to mitrates
a) Louis Pasteur was an early microbiologist who used a swan-necked flask to help disprove the Theory of Spontaneous Generation
Who was the first person to provide a written description of bacteria?
a) Louis Pasteur
b) Edward Jenner
c) Robert Koch
d) John Tyndall
e) Anton van Leeuwenhoek
e) Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first person to provide a written description of bacteria
Louis Pasteur's classic swan-necked flask experiment might not have disproved spontaneous generation if this microbial type was present:
a) aerobic microbes
b) anaerobic microbes
c) endospore forming microbes
d) viruses
e) none of these would have impated the results
c) If endospore forming microbes were present, Louis Pasteur's classic swan-necked flask experiement might not have disproved spontaneous generation
Prior to World War II, the greatest cause of death during wartime had been:
a) trauma on the battlefield
b) starvation
c) dysentery
d) wound infection
e) microbial disease
e) Prior to WWII, the greatest cause of death during wartime had been microbial disease
The development of which vaccine would most dramatically reduce death rates in sub-Saharan Africa?
a) Tuberculosis
b) HIV
c) Malaria
d) Cholera
e) Smallpox
c) the development of malaria vaccine would most dramatically reduce death rates in sub-Saharan Africa
One limitation to the knowledge gained through "non-cultivation-based" genomic research is:
a) Phylogenetic comparisons cannot be made
b) Culture conditions for microbes can never be established
c) Information is insufficient to establish microbial identity
d) Genome size cannot be determined
When Dictyostelium discoideum transitions from single cells to a multicellular form, which life characteristics are evident in the multicellular form? (Select all that apply)
a) metabolism
b) growth
c) reproduction
d) evolution
e) response
f) homeostasis
a, b, c, e, f) When Dictyostelium discoideum transitions from single cells to a multicellular form, the life characteristics evident in the multicellular form are: metabolism, growth, reproduction, response, and homeostasis
When Dictyostelium discoideum transitions from single cells to a multicellular form, which life characteristics are being recruited for the process to occur? (Select all that apply)
a) metabolism
b) growth
c) reproduction
d) evolution
e) response
f) homeostasis
a, b, c, e) When Dictyostelium discoideum transitions from single cells to a multicellular form, the life characteristics being recruited for the process to occur are: metabolism, growth, reproduction, and response
Viruses may be considered non-living for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that they: (Select all that apply)
a) need a host cell for replication.
b) are metabolically inert.
c) possess DNA that can evolve.
d) do not maintain internal homeostasis.
e) possess receptors which facilitate entry into cells
a, c, d) viruses are considered non-living EXCEPT that they: need a host cell for replication, possess DNA that can evolve, and do not maintain internal homeostsis
Reasons why are ARE considered non-living include: they are metabolically inert, and they possess receptors which facilitate entry into cells
The SSUrRNA of an organism is a highly conserved molecule because of its: (Select all that apply)
a) interaction with multiple genes
b) interaction with multiple ribosomal proteins
c) interaction with multiple mRNA sequences
d) vital role within the organism in facilitating protein synthesis
e) vital role within the organism in facilitating chromosomal replication
b, c, d) The SSUrRNA of an organism is a highly conserved molecule because of its: interaction with multiple ribosomal proteins, interaction with multiple mRNA sequences, and vital role within the organism in facilitating protein synthesis
