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Microbiology Exam 2: Key Concepts and Answers, Exams of Biology

University of Arizona (UA)Biology

A comprehensive overview of key concepts in microbiology, focusing on the immune system's response to bacterial infections. It includes definitions, explanations, and examples of various immune system components, mechanisms, and processes. The document also presents a series of questions and answers, offering a valuable resource for students studying microbiology.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 12/13/2024

wanjiru-mbugua
wanjiru-mbugua 🇺🇸

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Microbiology Exam 2 – Brader with 100%
correct answers
Antibodies - ✔✔How the immune system fights off contamination of bacteria
Antibodies Duties/Roles - ✔✔1. Neutralization: binds to the H so antigen can't attach to our cells.
2. Opsonization: targets for destruction (phagocytosis)
3. Agglutination: clumping
4. Complement: directly killing the bacteria
Antigen - ✔✔Normally a piece of a protein or sugar. Causes a reaction in the immune system.
Artificially Active - ✔✔Chicken pox vaccine.
Artificially Passive - ✔✔Anti-venom (antibodies against venom) like IgG treatment. You do not become
immune.
Asymptomatic - ✔✔No signs or symptoms; a carrier. Ex: Polio - 95% asymptomatic.
attenuated vaccine - ✔✔A weakened or dilute solution of microbes
Autoantigens - ✔✔Antigens in autoimmune disease (ex: ANA in Lupus) 1. Hyaluronidase and 2.
Collagenase - ✔✔1. breaks down connective tissue and is the glue for cells #1 protein in the body (Vit C),
breaks down collagen in body
87% - ✔✔the percentage of microbes that are beneficial and can't cause disease. 10% can cause
disease.
Adaptive (specific) Immunity - ✔✔ability of the body to defend itself against specific invading agents;
specific toward ONE pathogen
Adhesion of Microbes - ✔✔Viruses need to be able to attach to human to infect; once they attach, they
replicate.
Aluminum (in vaccines) - ✔✔Forces body to have a T cell response
B cells - ✔✔Make antibodies. B cell receptors are attached to the b cell and they look like a Y. The
variable region is variable because you can make a trillion different types of it. It sits in the lymph node
or spleen until it sees an antigen.
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Microbiology Exam 2 – Brader with 100%

correct answers

Antibodies - ✔✔How the immune system fights off contamination of bacteria Antibodies Duties/Roles - ✔✔1. Neutralization: binds to the H so antigen can't attach to our cells.

  1. Opsonization: targets for destruction (phagocytosis)
  2. Agglutination: clumping
  3. Complement: directly killing the bacteria Antigen - ✔✔Normally a piece of a protein or sugar. Causes a reaction in the immune system. Artificially Active - ✔✔Chicken pox vaccine. Artificially Passive - ✔✔Anti-venom (antibodies against venom) like IgG treatment. You do not become immune. Asymptomatic - ✔✔No signs or symptoms; a carrier. Ex: Polio - 95% asymptomatic. attenuated vaccine - ✔✔A weakened or dilute solution of microbes Autoantigens - ✔✔Antigens in autoimmune disease (ex: ANA in Lupus) 1. Hyaluronidase and 2. Collagenase - ✔✔1. breaks down connective tissue and is the glue for cells #1 protein in the body (Vit C), breaks down collagen in body 87% - ✔✔the percentage of microbes that are beneficial and can't cause disease. 10% can cause disease. Adaptive (specific) Immunity - ✔✔ability of the body to defend itself against specific invading agents; specific toward ONE pathogen Adhesion of Microbes - ✔✔Viruses need to be able to attach to human to infect; once they attach, they replicate. Aluminum (in vaccines) - ✔✔Forces body to have a T cell response B cells - ✔✔Make antibodies. B cell receptors are attached to the b cell and they look like a Y. The variable region is variable because you can make a trillion different types of it. It sits in the lymph node or spleen until it sees an antigen.

Basophils - ✔✔WBC that doesn't show up on a blood test. Not much is known; they do help with the immune reaction Biological Vector - ✔✔disease-carrying organism such as flea, tick, guinea worm Chemical Factors - ✔✔The low pH of our stomach kills pathogens. The lower the pH, the better. Chemotaxis - ✔✔Attraction. They move to higher concentrations and HAVE to attach to bacteria. Coagulase - ✔✔A bacterial enzyme that causes blood plasma to clot. Most makes clots when there is an infection. Makes the clot so that bacteria can hide. Commensalism - ✔✔A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected (ex: Flora grows in our body and benefits from us, we are unaffected.) Complement Proteins - ✔✔Proteins made in the liver that recognize general signals. (people who are always sick might have a mutation in this protein)

  1. Directly kills bacteria
  2. Codes (which is called OPSONIZATION: targets for destruction (phagocytosis) and triggers inflammation) Contact Transmission - ✔✔1. Direct (kiss/handshake) 2. Indirect (touch knob) 3. Droplet (sneeze & cough <5 ft) convalescence - ✔✔not a lot of disease go through this - gradual recovery after an illness, so s/s, but can still be infectious at times (ex: herpes, mono) Cytotoxic T cells - ✔✔- ONLY RECOGNIZES MHC 1
  • Tells cell to kill itself (kills abnormal cells and cancer cells) Cytotoxins - ✔✔Effects cell (is toxic to cell) Ex: plague decline - ✔✔improving - the decrease after illness, immune system is fighting off illness, can still be infectious Edward Jenner - ✔✔Discovered 1st vaccine Endemic - ✔✔native or confined to a particular region or people (specific area) (ex: Lancaster: Lyme's Disease) Endogenous - ✔✔Your own cells make you sick. Infection or disease originating within the body; normal microbiota of patient now pathogenic (ex: C. diff) Endogenous Antigens - ✔✔Antigens inside of the cell - usually viral infections. Can also be cancer cells. (tumor, virus) Endotoxins - ✔✔INSIDE CELL. Release when bacteria dies. Lipid of LPS. Death of bacteria. Ex: E. coli O

IgG - ✔✔Small, soluble, crosses placenta and gets deep into tissues. Does all functions. Best! IgM - ✔✔1st antibody produced (only works in complement) Pretty crappy antibody. illness - ✔✔state of being sick; worst s/s, infectious Immunoglobin - ✔✔Attached to B cell receptors. (you need T cells to tell B cells what antibody to make) inactivated vaccine - ✔✔Vaccine composed of killed bacterial cells/inactivated virus. Not alive! Ex: flu vaccine incubation period - ✔✔no signs or symptoms, but possibly infectious (think about warming up the incubator) indigenous - ✔✔Native; ex: resident flora (on or within body). If they are destroyed, it can cause CDIF, yeast infections, etc. Inflammation S/S - ✔✔Pain (pressure), heat, swelling (more blood, more heat). NSAIDs decrease inflammation. Innate (non-specific) Immunity - ✔✔Non-specific, works against more than one pathogen. Prevents you from getting sick. Ex: skin (an excellent barrier), urine & tears (physical 'flushes') Interferons - ✔✔Protein made by immune system. Innate mechanism against viruses. Triggers inflammation. Kinases - ✔✔Breaks blood clots, can let bacteria get into blood because immune system makes clots in vessels near bacteria LD50 (lethal) - ✔✔Lethal dose - the point at which 50 percent of the test population die from a toxin. Louis Pasteur - ✔✔Created 1st vaccine Lymphocytes - ✔✔B & T cells Lysozyme - ✔✔Enzyme that breaks down peptidoglycan - the cell wall of all bacteria. This enzyme is in our tears and saliva. Macrophage - ✔✔In the blood. Eats bacteria. The garbage man because they clean the area. Lives even after eating bacterial cells and parasites. ex: Dendritic Cells (remember: 'Mac' the Trashman) Mechanical Vector - ✔✔Carries the microbe more or less accidentally on its body parts; ex: flies, roaches. The animal was likely on feces --> then on the food. Memory Plasma cells - ✔✔Goes into blood and releases one or two antibodies per second so that we have antibodies in the blood. (ex: when drawing a titer to see if we have memory plasma cells towards tetanus) (need tetanus imm. q 8 yrs) MHC Class 1 - ✔✔Endogenous antigens. Found on every nucleated cell (so, not on RBCs) Presents endogenous antigens to T cells.

T cell is looking for antigen, but can only see antigen if its bound to MHC. MHC Class 2 - ✔✔Exogenous antigens. Found only on antigen presenting cells: dendritic cells and macrophages. Presents exogenous antigens to HELPER T cells. Monocytes - ✔✔Become macrophages. Dendritic cells are macrophages Mutualism - ✔✔A relationship between two species in which both species benefit. (ex: Bees gather nectar, but they also spread pollen to flowers benefitting flowers, so they have a mutualistic relationship) Naturally Active - ✔✔chicken pox Naturally Passive - ✔✔IgG to infant breastmilk. Only lasts as long as you get them. Neurotoxins - ✔✔It is a type of exotoxin; toxic substances, such as lead or mercury, that specifically poison nerve cells Neutralism - ✔✔Neither species benefits or is harmed Neutrophils - ✔✔The most abundant WBC. 1st to infection. Recognize general signals - opsonization - it is an innate response since they can recognize general signals. One and done. They are tattletales because they alert the immune system that there is a problem. Non-Specific (innate) - ✔✔Duties:

  1. Prevents you from getting sick in the first place.
  2. Contains infection if we get sick until the specific immune system kicks in (about 1 week).
  3. Presents antigens cells: a. Dendritic Cells: specialized macrophages b. Macrophages: 'one and done' once phagocytosis occurs. Objective - ✔✔Signs. What we can see and measure. (Looking at an OBJECT) Opsonization - ✔✔Coating the bacteria to destroy the bacteria (phagocytosis) Pandemic - ✔✔Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area, MORE THAN 1 CONTINENT, and affects a very high proportion of the population. An increase in prevalence and incidence. (ex: HIV/AIDS, H1N (which started at a farm in Mexico and then moved to other continent) Parasitism - ✔✔A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed ex: tick, parasite worm, hookworm Physiological Defenses - ✔✔White Blood Cells (WBCs). They work by phagocytosis (destroying/eating bacteria). WBCs are LEUKOCYTES. Neutrophils are most important.

Virulence - ✔✔the extent of pathogenicity (ability to produce disease); can infect us by getting past immune system Whooping Cough (Pertussis) - ✔✔Infectious disease of the respiratory tract caused by Bordetella pertussis. Adults usually get this subclinically since they are not up to date on booster. It is known as the 100 - day cough. The rise in the disease is thought to be caused by the change of the vaccine which is much less effective than previous. Current vaccine is DTAP. In children & infants, this disease can cause vomiting due to coughing violently and can also cause cracked ribs. This bacteria can be eradicated if everyone was vaccinated. Humans should receive vaccine q 3 years.