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Microbiology Chapter 1, Exercises of Clinical Medicine

Microbiology Chapter 1 Test, Microorganisms ,Germs,Pathogens

Typology: Exercises

2024/2025

Uploaded on 07/05/2025

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Microbiology Chapter 1
Microorganisms ✔✔Organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye
Germ ✔✔Rapidly growing cell
Pathogenic ✔✔Disease-causing
What are some good things that microbes do? ✔✔
1. Decompose organic waste (Without them we'd have too much waste)
2. They are producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis
3. They produce industrial chemicals such as ethanol and acetone
4. Produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese, and bread.
5. Produce products used in manufacturing and treatment (insulin)
6. Create Designer Jeans
What does the knowledge of microorganisms allow humans to do? ✔✔1. Prevent food spoilage
2. Prevent disease occurrence (prevention by understanding them)
3. Led to aseptic techniques to prevent contamination in meds and in labs
What are aseptic techniques? ✔✔Techniques that keeps thing sterile and avoids cross contamination to
prevent spread
Who established the system of scientific nomenclature? ✔✔Linnaeus
Each organism has two names, what are these two names called? ✔✔The Genus and the Species (aka
specific epithet)
How do scientific names differ from other names? ✔✔Scientific names are italicized or underlined.
Also, the genus is capitalized which the species is lower case. (Ex. E.coli) Scientific names are latinized
and used worldwide and can be very descriptive or they can honor a scientist.
What is Escherichia coli and how did it get that name? ✔✔Escherichia coli is also known as E.coli.
E.coli honors the discoverer, Theodor Escherich, and describes the habitat of the E.coli which is in the
large intestine or colon (coli).
What is Staphylococcus aureus and how did it get that name? ✔✔Staphylococcus aureus describes the
arrangement of the bacterium which is: clustered (staphylo) spperical (cocci) cells, Along with the gold
color of the bacterium's colonies (aureus).
How are scientific names used when writing a paper or a lab report? ✔✔After the first use, scientific
names may be abbreviated with the first letter of the genus and the specific epithet.
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Microbiology Chapter 1 Microorganisms ✔✔Organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye Germ ✔✔Rapidly growing cell Pathogenic ✔✔Disease-causing What are some good things that microbes do? ✔✔

  1. Decompose organic waste (Without them we'd have too much waste)

  2. They are producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis

  3. They produce industrial chemicals such as ethanol and acetone

  4. Produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese, and bread.

  5. Produce products used in manufacturing and treatment (insulin)

  6. Create Designer Jeans What does the knowledge of microorganisms allow humans to do? ✔✔1. Prevent food spoilage

  7. Prevent disease occurrence (prevention by understanding them)

  8. Led to aseptic techniques to prevent contamination in meds and in labs What are aseptic techniques? ✔✔Techniques that keeps thing sterile and avoids cross contamination to prevent spread Who established the system of scientific nomenclature? ✔✔Linnaeus Each organism has two names, what are these two names called? ✔✔The Genus and the Species (aka specific epithet) How do scientific names differ from other names? ✔✔Scientific names are italicized or underlined. Also, the genus is capitalized which the species is lower case. (Ex. E.coli) Scientific names are latinized and used worldwide and can be very descriptive or they can honor a scientist. What is Escherichia coli and how did it get that name? ✔✔Escherichia coli is also known as E.coli. E.coli honors the discoverer, Theodor Escherich, and describes the habitat of the E.coli which is in the large intestine or colon (coli). What is Staphylococcus aureus and how did it get that name? ✔✔Staphylococcus aureus describes the arrangement of the bacterium which is: clustered (staphylo) spperical (cocci) cells, Along with the gold color of the bacterium's colonies (aureus). How are scientific names used when writing a paper or a lab report? ✔✔After the first use, scientific names may be abbreviated with the first letter of the genus and the specific epithet.

What are some types of microorganisms? ✔✔1. Bacteria

  1. Archaea
  2. Fungi
  3. Protozoa
  4. Algae
  5. Viruses
  6. Multicellular animal parasites *Refer to pictures in book Bacteria ✔✔-Prokaryotic (No nucleus)
  • Peptidoglycan cell walls
  • Binary Fission
  • For energy they use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, and also occasionally photosynthesis. Archaea ✔✔-Prokaryotic (No nucleus)
  • Lack Peptidoglycan
  • Live in extreme environments
  • Examples: Methanogens, (live in high conc. of methane) Extreme Halophiles (love salt), and Extreme thermophiles (love heat) Fungi ✔✔-Eukaryotes
  • Chitin Cell Walls
  • Use Organic Chemicals for energy
  • Molds and Mushrooms Are molds and mushrooms unicellular or multicellular? ✔✔They are multicellular and they consist of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae. Are Yeasts unicellular or multicellular? ✔✔Unicellular Protozoa ✔✔-Eukaryotes
  • Absorb or ingest organic chemicals and the shape changes depending on particle going to be absorbed May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella
  • Example: Ameoba Algae ✔✔-Eukaryotes
  • Cellulose cell walls
  • Use photosynthesis for energy
  • Produces molecular oxygen and organic compounds Viruses ✔✔-Acellular
  • Consist of DNA or RNA core
  • The core is surrounded by a protein coat
  • Viruses are replicated only when they are in a living host cell, they cannot reproduce by themselves

Microbial growth is also responsible for the spoilage of food: True or False ✔✔True What did Pasteur demonstrate about killing bacteria that spoiled food? ✔✔It could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine. (Pasteurization) Pasteurization ✔✔The application of a high heat for a short time to sterilize and kill of the microorganisms. How was the first vaccination discovered? ✔✔In 1796, Edward Jenner inoculated a person with cowpox virus, who was then protected from small pox. Where does the word "Vaccination" come from? ✔✔It is derived from "vacca," which means "cow" What is protection against disease called? ✔✔Immunity Chemotherapy ✔✔Treatment with chemicals Synthetic Drugs ✔✔Another name for antibiotics, they are chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease Antibiotic ✔✔Chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes Who discovered the first antibiotic? ✔✔Alexander Fleming observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S.aureus Bacteriology ✔✔The study of bacteria Mycology ✔✔Study of Fungi Virology ✔✔The study of viruses Parasitology ✔✔The study of protozoa and parasitic worms Immunology ✔✔The study of immunity What did Rebecca Lancefield propose in 1933? ✔✔That the use of immunology to identify some bacteria according to serotypes, also known as specific grains. Microbial Genetics ✔✔The study of how microbes inherit traits Molecular biology ✔✔The study of how DNA directs protein synthesis

Genomics ✔✔The study of an organism's genes; has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms and link specific strains Recombinant DNA ✔✔DNA made from two different sources (using cells to mass produce) What kind of things do bacteria recycle? ✔✔Carbon, nutrients, sulfur, and phosphorus that can be used by plants and animals What are prions? ✔✔Infectious protein particles What is the process of bioremediation? ✔✔Bacteria can be used to degrade organic matter in sewage, and degrade/detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury Biological Insecticides ✔✔Microbes that are pathogenic to insects are alternatives to chemical pesticides in preventing insect damage to crops and disease transmission What is an example of a biological insecticide? ✔✔Bacillus thuringiensis. The infections are fatal in many insects but harmless to other animals, including humans and to plants. Biotechnology ✔✔The use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals is centuries old (example: insulin, cheese, gum, etc). Recombinant DNA technology ✔✔A new technique for biotechnology, enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins including vaccines and enzymes Gene Therapy ✔✔The process of replacing missing or defective genes in human cells What are genetically modified bacteria used for with crops? ✔✔They are used to protect crops from insects and from freezing Normal Microbiota ✔✔Microbes normally present in and on the human body (associated with skin, hair, body in and out) True or False: Normal microbiota prevent growth on pathogens ✔✔True What kind of growth factors do normal microbiota produce? ✔✔Folic Acid and Vitamin K Resistance ✔✔The ability of the body to ward off disease. Resistance factors include skin, stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals. Biofilms ✔✔Microbes attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses. They will grow on rocks, pipes, teeth, and medical implants