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Microbiology: A Systems Approach Ch. 1, 2.2, 3 (Cowan, 4th Ed.) Exam Questions With Answers.
Typology: Exams
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microbiology
specialized area of biology that deals w/living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification
microorganisms
microbes or microscopic organisms
microbes
bacteria, algae, protozoa, helminths, fungi
viruses
protein coated genetic elements, noncellular, parasitic and dependent on their infected host
3 cell types
bacteria, eukaryotes, archaea
basic structures of bacteria
bacillus, coccus, spiral
protozoans
diverse group of single-cell eukaryotic organisms
eukaryote
complex single celled organism which arose from organisms that existed 3.5 billion years ago. 10x larger than archaea and bacteria
eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles and nucleus. Only plants, algae, & fungi have cell walls (protozoan & animal cells do not)
prokaryote
bacteria and archaea have no true nucleus - prenucleus -
ancestral cell evolution
began approx 3.5 billion years ago and evolved into eukaryotes, archaea, bacteria
evolution
the accumulation of changes that occur in organisms as they adapt to their environments
organelles
small double membrane bound structures in the eukaryotic cell, performs specific functions and include a nucleus, mitochondria, chlorplasts
bacteria
microorganism smaller than eukarya, lack nucleus & organelles, but have cell walls containing peptidoglycan, protein, polysaccharides and lipids
archaea
microorganism smaller than eukarya, lack nucleus & organelles, & have cell walls containing protein, polysaccharides and lipids (no peptidoglycan)
taxonomy
the science of classification of biological species, used to organize all of the forms of modern and extinct life.
biological classification, in part reflects our understanding of evolution; thus, as technological advances enhance and change our understanding of evolutionary schemes and biological relationships, our classification methods may also change (e.g. lateral web-based vs. linear/generational tree-based phylogeny).
Robert Hooke
first described & kept records of microorganisms, such as mold species growing on a leather surface, seen through his early homemade microscope in the 1660s. (Also coined the word "cell".)
Antonie van Leewenhoek
in the 1600's used an even more powerful [than Hooke's] self-made microscope (300X!) to observe & describe "animalcules" (single-celled organisms including bacteria & protozoa) from surfaces that included never before cleaned teeth.
Francesco Redi
in the late 1660s, demonstrated that maggots aren't formed from meat, because if it is covered, flies cannot land on it nor lay their eggs on it.
Louis Pasteur
better convinced skeptics in the 1800s that air itself was not the source of life by culturing sterilized broth in a flask with a long swan-like curved neck within which gravity would deposit entering air-borne microbes while still allowing exposure of broth to air.
Joseph Lister
introduced aseptic techniques in the 1860s
Oliver Holmes
Ignaz Semmelweis
process coined by Charles Darwin stating that all new species originate from preexisting species and closely related organisms have similar features because they evolved from a common ancestor, difference emerged by divergence
phyla
classes, with each class containing several orders
deductive reasoning
process of investigation whereby individual decisions are made by using accepted general principles as a guide
sterile
completely free of all life forms
inductive reasoning
process of discovering general principles by careful examination of specific cases
carbohydrates
Basic subunits are carbon and water. Provide cells with structural support, aid in cell adhesion, provide & store energy.
Types of carbohydrates:
Monosaccharides - simple sugar contains 3-7 carbons
Disaccharides - composed of 2 monosaccharides
Polysaccharides - composed of chains of monosaccharides
monosaccharides
(carb) simple sugar containing 3-7 carbons
disaccharides
(carb) composed of 2 monosaccharides
polysaccharides
(carb) composed of chains of monosaccharides
lipids
Basic subunits are long hydrophobic hydrocarbons. Provide dynamic fluidity to cell membranes. Phospholipids are the major structural component, act as hormones, and are a superior source of energy.
lipid types:
Triglycerides - composed of glycerol & 3 fatty acids Phospholipids - composed of phosphate, glycerol, & 2 fatty acids
Steroids - composed of ringed hydrocarbons
cells shared components
cell [lipid] membrane surrounding cytoplasm
chromosomes containing DNA
ribosomes for protein synthesis
causes of death in U.S.
in order: heart disease, cancer, chronic lower-respiratory disease, cerebrovascular disease, accidents, alzheimers, diabetes, influenza and pneumonia, kidney disease, suicide
influenza and pneumonia caused by microorganisms
causes of death worldwide
in order: heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections (influenza and pneumonia), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diarrheal diseases, HIV/AIDS, trachea/ bronchial/lung cancers, tuberculosis, diabetes, road traffic accidents
influenza, pneumonia, lower respiratory infections (influenza/pneumonia), tuberculosis, diarrheal diseases, HIV/AIDS caused by microorganisms
pathogens
any agent (usually a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or helminth) that causes disease
5 types of microorganisms
bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoan, helminth
parasite
organism that lives on or within another organism (the host), from which it obtains nutrients, enjoys protection and causes some harm to host
spontaneous generation
belief that life was generated by an invisible life-giving force
biogenesis
beginning with life
abiogenesis
beginning in the absence of life
restriction enzymes
discovered in 1970s by Daniel Nathans, Werner Arber, Hamilton Smith. "Scissors" in bacteria chops up DNA. This allowed for labs to cut up DNA in a controlled way
assignment of scientific names to the various taxonomic categories and individual organsisms
classification
attempts the orderly arrangement of organisms into a hierarchy of taxa
identification
process of discovering and recording the traits or organisms so they may be recognized, named, placed in an overall taxonomic scheme
binomial system
assigning a scientific or specific name in combination with a generic (genus) name. The scientific name is capitalized, species part begins with a lowercase, both are italicized. Source is usually Latin or Greek, and may describe its characteristics/origins
levels of classification
(superkingdom - domain), kingdom, phylum/division, class, order, family, genus, species (Donkey Kong Prefers Carrots Over French Garlic soup) taxonomic schemes are artificial, certain groups of organisms have no exact fit, and can be then given a super/sub designation to note its degree of fit into the category
animalia
(kingdom) eukaryotic, heterotrophic, mostly multicellular
chordata
(phylum) possesses notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, (if only in embryo)
mammalia
(class) possess hair, mammary glands
primates
(order) digital dexterity, large cerebral cortex, slow reproductive rate, long life span
hominoidea
(family) large brain no tail, long upper limbs
human
(genus) Homo
(species) sapiens
erect posture, large cranium, opposable thumbs
all eukaryotic organisms
(domain) eukarya
macromolecules
very large compounds formed by polymerization (except for lipids) and assembled from smaller molecular units - lipids, carbs, protein, nucleic acid
hexoses
composed of 6 carbons
pentose
contain 5 carbons
sucrose
sucre, sugar
maltose
malt sugar
glycosidic bonds
links subunits of disaccharides and polysaccharides carbons on adjacent sugar units are bonded to the same oxygen atom like links in a chain
dehydration synthesis
process whereby water is produced when 1 carbon gives up its OH group and the other (the one contributing the oxygen bond) loses an H (making H20)
cellulose
long fibrous polymer, common organic substance, but digestible by only certain bacteria, fungi and protozoa
decomposers
microbes that break down and recycle plant material
dextran
secreted slime (a glucose polymer) some bacteria produce which leads to plaque
agar
complex polysaccharide, found in certain seaweeds, complex polymer of glucosamine (sugar with an amino functioning group)
peptidoglycan
lipos
fat
phospholipids
major structural component of cell membranes
membrane
in a single cell, a thin double layered sheet composed of lipids such as phospholipids, sterols, proteins
ribonucleic acid organizer and synthesizer of proteins, the helper molecule responsible for carrying out DNA instructions and translating DNA program into proteins that perform life functions
3 types of RNA
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
mRNA
messenger RNA is a copy of a gene (a single functional part of DNA) that provide order and type of amino acids in a protein
tRNA
transfer RNA carries/delivers correct amino acids for protein assembly
rRNA
ribosomal RNA is a component of ribosome/copy of DNA template, single stranded transcript
adenosine triphosphate is a nucleotide containing adenine, ribose and three phosphates (high energy compound that gives off energy when bond is broken between the second and third (outermost) phosphates
cell
fundamental unit of life
fluid mosaic model
membrane structure detailed by Singer and Nicholson
cholesterol
a sterol that reinforces structure of the cell membrane in animal cells and cel wall deficient bacteria called mycoplasms
