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Microbiology: A Systems Approach Ch. 1, 2.2, 3 (Cowan, 4th Ed.) Exam Questions With Answ, Exams of Microbiology

Microbiology: A Systems Approach Ch. 1, 2.2, 3 (Cowan, 4th Ed.) Exam Questions With Answers.

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Microbiology: A Systems Approach Ch. 1,
2.2, 3 (Cowan, 4th Ed.) Exam Questions
With Answers.
microbiology
specialized area of biology that deals w/living things ordinarily too small to be seen without
magnification
microorganisms
microbes or microscopic organisms
microbes
bacteria, algae, protozoa, helminths, fungi
viruses
protein coated genetic elements, noncellular, parasitic and dependent on their infected host
3 cell types
bacteria, eukaryotes, archaea
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Download Microbiology: A Systems Approach Ch. 1, 2.2, 3 (Cowan, 4th Ed.) Exam Questions With Answ and more Exams Microbiology in PDF only on Docsity!

Microbiology: A Systems Approach Ch. 1,

2.2, 3 (Cowan, 4th Ed.) Exam Questions

With Answers.

microbiology

specialized area of biology that deals w/living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification

microorganisms

microbes or microscopic organisms

microbes

bacteria, algae, protozoa, helminths, fungi

viruses

protein coated genetic elements, noncellular, parasitic and dependent on their infected host

3 cell types

bacteria, eukaryotes, archaea

basic structures of bacteria

bacillus, coccus, spiral

protozoans

diverse group of single-cell eukaryotic organisms

eukaryote

complex single celled organism which arose from organisms that existed 3.5 billion years ago. 10x larger than archaea and bacteria

eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles and nucleus. Only plants, algae, & fungi have cell walls (protozoan & animal cells do not)

prokaryote

bacteria and archaea have no true nucleus - prenucleus -

ancestral cell evolution

began approx 3.5 billion years ago and evolved into eukaryotes, archaea, bacteria

evolution

the accumulation of changes that occur in organisms as they adapt to their environments

organelles

small double membrane bound structures in the eukaryotic cell, performs specific functions and include a nucleus, mitochondria, chlorplasts

bacteria

microorganism smaller than eukarya, lack nucleus & organelles, but have cell walls containing peptidoglycan, protein, polysaccharides and lipids

archaea

microorganism smaller than eukarya, lack nucleus & organelles, & have cell walls containing protein, polysaccharides and lipids (no peptidoglycan)

taxonomy

the science of classification of biological species, used to organize all of the forms of modern and extinct life.

biological classification, in part reflects our understanding of evolution; thus, as technological advances enhance and change our understanding of evolutionary schemes and biological relationships, our classification methods may also change (e.g. lateral web-based vs. linear/generational tree-based phylogeny).

  • tool to study microbes-

Robert Hooke

first described & kept records of microorganisms, such as mold species growing on a leather surface, seen through his early homemade microscope in the 1660s. (Also coined the word "cell".)

Antonie van Leewenhoek

in the 1600's used an even more powerful [than Hooke's] self-made microscope (300X!) to observe & describe "animalcules" (single-celled organisms including bacteria & protozoa) from surfaces that included never before cleaned teeth.

Francesco Redi

in the late 1660s, demonstrated that maggots aren't formed from meat, because if it is covered, flies cannot land on it nor lay their eggs on it.

Louis Pasteur

better convinced skeptics in the 1800s that air itself was not the source of life by culturing sterilized broth in a flask with a long swan-like curved neck within which gravity would deposit entering air-borne microbes while still allowing exposure of broth to air.

Joseph Lister

introduced aseptic techniques in the 1860s

Oliver Holmes

Ignaz Semmelweis

process coined by Charles Darwin stating that all new species originate from preexisting species and closely related organisms have similar features because they evolved from a common ancestor, difference emerged by divergence

phyla

classes, with each class containing several orders

deductive reasoning

process of investigation whereby individual decisions are made by using accepted general principles as a guide

sterile

completely free of all life forms

inductive reasoning

process of discovering general principles by careful examination of specific cases

carbohydrates

Basic subunits are carbon and water. Provide cells with structural support, aid in cell adhesion, provide & store energy.

Types of carbohydrates:

Monosaccharides - simple sugar contains 3-7 carbons

Disaccharides - composed of 2 monosaccharides

Polysaccharides - composed of chains of monosaccharides

monosaccharides

(carb) simple sugar containing 3-7 carbons

disaccharides

(carb) composed of 2 monosaccharides

polysaccharides

(carb) composed of chains of monosaccharides

lipids

Basic subunits are long hydrophobic hydrocarbons. Provide dynamic fluidity to cell membranes. Phospholipids are the major structural component, act as hormones, and are a superior source of energy.

lipid types:

Triglycerides - composed of glycerol & 3 fatty acids Phospholipids - composed of phosphate, glycerol, & 2 fatty acids

Steroids - composed of ringed hydrocarbons

cells shared components

cell [lipid] membrane surrounding cytoplasm

chromosomes containing DNA

ribosomes for protein synthesis

causes of death in U.S.

in order: heart disease, cancer, chronic lower-respiratory disease, cerebrovascular disease, accidents, alzheimers, diabetes, influenza and pneumonia, kidney disease, suicide

influenza and pneumonia caused by microorganisms

causes of death worldwide

in order: heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections (influenza and pneumonia), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diarrheal diseases, HIV/AIDS, trachea/ bronchial/lung cancers, tuberculosis, diabetes, road traffic accidents

influenza, pneumonia, lower respiratory infections (influenza/pneumonia), tuberculosis, diarrheal diseases, HIV/AIDS caused by microorganisms

pathogens

any agent (usually a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or helminth) that causes disease

5 types of microorganisms

bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoan, helminth

parasite

organism that lives on or within another organism (the host), from which it obtains nutrients, enjoys protection and causes some harm to host

spontaneous generation

belief that life was generated by an invisible life-giving force

biogenesis

beginning with life

abiogenesis

beginning in the absence of life

restriction enzymes

discovered in 1970s by Daniel Nathans, Werner Arber, Hamilton Smith. "Scissors" in bacteria chops up DNA. This allowed for labs to cut up DNA in a controlled way

assignment of scientific names to the various taxonomic categories and individual organsisms

classification

attempts the orderly arrangement of organisms into a hierarchy of taxa

identification

process of discovering and recording the traits or organisms so they may be recognized, named, placed in an overall taxonomic scheme

binomial system

assigning a scientific or specific name in combination with a generic (genus) name. The scientific name is capitalized, species part begins with a lowercase, both are italicized. Source is usually Latin or Greek, and may describe its characteristics/origins

levels of classification

(superkingdom - domain), kingdom, phylum/division, class, order, family, genus, species (Donkey Kong Prefers Carrots Over French Garlic soup) taxonomic schemes are artificial, certain groups of organisms have no exact fit, and can be then given a super/sub designation to note its degree of fit into the category

animalia

(kingdom) eukaryotic, heterotrophic, mostly multicellular

chordata

(phylum) possesses notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, (if only in embryo)

mammalia

(class) possess hair, mammary glands

primates

(order) digital dexterity, large cerebral cortex, slow reproductive rate, long life span

hominoidea

(family) large brain no tail, long upper limbs

human

(genus) Homo

(species) sapiens

erect posture, large cranium, opposable thumbs

all eukaryotic organisms

(domain) eukarya

macromolecules

very large compounds formed by polymerization (except for lipids) and assembled from smaller molecular units - lipids, carbs, protein, nucleic acid

hexoses

composed of 6 carbons

pentose

contain 5 carbons

sucrose

sucre, sugar

maltose

malt sugar

glycosidic bonds

links subunits of disaccharides and polysaccharides carbons on adjacent sugar units are bonded to the same oxygen atom like links in a chain

dehydration synthesis

process whereby water is produced when 1 carbon gives up its OH group and the other (the one contributing the oxygen bond) loses an H (making H20)

cellulose

long fibrous polymer, common organic substance, but digestible by only certain bacteria, fungi and protozoa

decomposers

microbes that break down and recycle plant material

dextran

secreted slime (a glucose polymer) some bacteria produce which leads to plaque

agar

complex polysaccharide, found in certain seaweeds, complex polymer of glucosamine (sugar with an amino functioning group)

peptidoglycan

lipos

fat

phospholipids

major structural component of cell membranes

membrane

in a single cell, a thin double layered sheet composed of lipids such as phospholipids, sterols, proteins

RNA

ribonucleic acid organizer and synthesizer of proteins, the helper molecule responsible for carrying out DNA instructions and translating DNA program into proteins that perform life functions

3 types of RNA

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

mRNA

messenger RNA is a copy of a gene (a single functional part of DNA) that provide order and type of amino acids in a protein

tRNA

transfer RNA carries/delivers correct amino acids for protein assembly

rRNA

ribosomal RNA is a component of ribosome/copy of DNA template, single stranded transcript

ATP

adenosine triphosphate is a nucleotide containing adenine, ribose and three phosphates (high energy compound that gives off energy when bond is broken between the second and third (outermost) phosphates

cell

fundamental unit of life

fluid mosaic model

membrane structure detailed by Singer and Nicholson

cholesterol

a sterol that reinforces structure of the cell membrane in animal cells and cel wall deficient bacteria called mycoplasms