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MICR 271 - Module 1 Exam Questions And Complete Answers.
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What is the difference in between bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes? - answer Bacteria: Single-celled organisms that can live freely or as a parasite. Archaea: Single-celled organism without a membrane-bound nucleus or organelles. Eukaryotes: Organism with nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. What is a microbe? - answer A microbe is a tiny organism that the naked eye cannot see. Microbes involve many organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and other organisms. (a microscopic form of life including bacterial, archaeal, fungal, and protozoal cells) What does the endosymbiont hypothesis state? What is the supporting evidence? - answer The endosymbiont hypothesis states that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes. The supporting evidence lies in the fact that mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and replication systems, similarly to prokaryotes. A symbiotic relationship in between the primitive archezoan cell and the alpha proteobacteria would have provided an advantage to both. What are the two mitochondrial symbiosis theories? - answer Archezoan scenario: Nucleus formation in a primitive archezoan occurs before the arrival of the alpha proteobacteria. (Unlikely because studies of protists showed early integration of mitochondria) Endosymbiont scenario: Nucleus formation in the primitive archezoan occurred after the integration of the alpha-proteobacteria into the archaeal ancestor. What is phylogeny? - answer Classification of species based on genetic similarities to determine evolutionary relationships. What is a phylogenetic tree? - answer A picture of probable evolutionary relationships between species, based on measured evidence in comparing rRNA sequences. What are phylogenomics? - answer Comparison of entire genomes to determine evolutionary ties. This approach is much more detailed than phylogenetics. What is horizontal gene transfer? - answer Horizontal gene transfer is the passing of
genetic material from on organism to the next in a non-descendant nature. Why do eukaryotes have more subunits in RNA polymerase? - answer More complex structures allow for a wider range of functions. This explains the complexity of the organism. Why is it important that only bacteria can produce murein? - answer Murein forms the cell wall (PG layer) which provides added protection and is solely found in prokaryotes. What is the importance of horizontal gene transfer in the tree of life? - answer The tree of life is more like a "web" of life due to the transfer of genetic material in between the different evolutionary branches. How is the tree of life divided in between the archaeans, the prokaryotes, and the eukaryotes? - answer Prokaryotes are their own branch. The archaea and eukaryotes are closer in relationship. Why are viruses considered to be obligate intracellular parasites? - answer They require host-cell machinery to replicate and propagate. They can sometimes also incorporate themselves into genomes. Without explaining, identify the three theories surrounding how viruses came about. - answer 1. Virus-first theory
What is the difference in between commensal and pathogenic organisms? - answer Commensal: Symbiotic relationship with host. Pathogenic: Opportunistic relationship with the ability to cause infection. Identify two methods of genetic diversity. - answer 1. Mutations.
inflammation. HGT helps again in acquiring virulence genes. This positive regulation allows for further infection within the infected cells. What is the antibiotic resistome? - answer Pool of environmental resistance genes. Identify four mechanisms of antibacterial resistance. - answer 1. Target protection
Discuss the evidence that supports the theory that mitochondria evolved from bacteria. - answer 1. Self replicating