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Medical Terminology and Health Education Comprehensive Examination with Solutions Duration: 3 Hours Total Marks: 200 Instructions: Answer all questions. Use medical terminology appropriately throughout your responses. SECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (40 marks) Choose the best answer for each question. Each question carries 2 marks.
1. The prefix "hyper-" means: a) Below normal b) Above normal c) Without d) Against 2. The suffix "-itis" refers to: a) Enlargement b) Inflammation c) Surgical removal d) Pain 3. The term "bradycardia" means: a) Fast heart rate b) Slow heart rate c) Irregular heart rate d) Heart pain 4. Which combining form means "kidney"? a) Hepat/o b) Nephr/o c) Gastr/o d) Pneum/o 5. The medical term for difficulty breathing is: a) Apnea b) Dyspnea c) Tachypnea d) Hyperpnea 6. "Hematuria" refers to: a) Blood in urine b) Protein in urine c) Sugar in urine d) Bacteria in urine 7. The combining form "osteo-" relates to:
a) Muscle b) Bone c) Joint d) Cartilage
8. "Myalgia" means: a) Muscle weakness b) Muscle inflammation c) Muscle pain d) Muscle enlargement 9. The prefix "a-" or "an-" means: a) Many b) Few c) Without d) With 10. "Rhinoplasty" is: a) Nose surgery b) Ear surgery c) Eye surgery d) Throat surgery 11. The term "leukocytosis" indicates: a) Decreased white blood cells b) Increased white blood cells c) Decreased red blood cells d) Increased red blood cells 12. "Gastroenterology" is the study of: a) Heart and blood vessels b) Digestive system c) Nervous system d) Respiratory system 13. The suffix "-pathy" means: a) Treatment b) Study of c) Disease d) Surgical repair 14. "Tachycardia" refers to: a) Slow heart rate (less than 60 bpm) b) Fast heart rate (over 100 bpm) c) Irregular heartbeat d) Heart murmur 15. The combining form "dermat/o" relates to: a) Hair b) Nails c) Skin d) Glands 16. "Hypertension" means:
Question 23 (10 marks) Define the following combining forms and provide ONE example of a medical term using each: a) Cardi/o b) Pulmon/o c) Hem/o or Hemat/o d) Arthr/o e) Psych/o SECTION C: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY TERMINOLOGY (40 marks) Question 24 (15 marks) Label the following anatomical positions and body systems using correct medical terminology: Part A: Anatomical Positions (5 marks) Describe the anatomical position and explain the following directional terms: Superior/Inferior Anterior/Posterior Medial/Lateral Proximal/Distal Superficial/Deep Part B: Body Systems (10 marks) List the medical terms for the following body systems and provide two major organs/structures for each:
- Circulatory system
- Respiratory system
- Digestive system
- Nervous system
- Musculoskeletal system Question 25 (25 marks) Cardiovascular System Terminology
Part A (10 marks): Define the following cardiovascular terms:
- Myocardium
- Pericardium
- Atherosclerosis
- Arrhythmia
- Coronary Part B (15 marks): Case Study Analysis A 65-year-old patient presents with chest pain, dyspnea, and diaphoresis. The ECG shows signs of myocardial infarction. Using appropriate medical terminology, explain:
- What is myocardial infarction? (5 marks)
- What do the symptoms dyspnea and diaphoresis mean? (5 marks)
- What diagnostic tests might be ordered and what do their abbreviations stand for? ( marks) SECTION D: HEALTH EDUCATION AND DISEASE PREVENTION (30 marks) Question 26 (15 marks) Infectious Disease Terminology and Prevention Part A (8 marks): Define and differentiate between:
- Pathogen vs. Host
- Endemic vs. Epidemic vs. Pandemic
- Acute vs. Chronic infection
- Vector vs. Reservoir Part B (7 marks): List and explain five standard precautions used in healthcare settings to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases. Question 27 (15 marks)
- Generic vs. Brand name
- Dosage vs. Dose
- Route of administration Part B (5 marks): List five different routes of medication administration and provide the medical term for each. SECTION F: MEDICAL ABBREVIATIONS AND DOCUMENTATION (30 marks) Question 30 (20 marks) Common Medical Abbreviations Provide the full meaning of the following abbreviations:
- BP
- HR
- RR
- CBC
- BUN
- IV
- IM
- PO
- NPO
- PRN
- STAT
- DNR
- ICU
- OR
- ER
- OTC
- Rx
- Dx
- Tx
- Hx Question 31 (10 marks) Medical Documentation Write a brief SOAP note (Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan) for the following scenario using appropriate medical terminology: A 45-year-old female patient comes to the clinic complaining of a severe headache that started this morning, accompanied by nausea and sensitivity to light. Her vital signs are: BP 160/95, HR 88, RR 18, Temp 98.6°F. Physical examination reveals neck stiffness. ANSWER KEY AND SOLUTIONS SECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE ANSWERS
- b) Above normal - "Hyper-" is a prefix meaning excessive, above, or beyond normal levels.
- b) Inflammation - The suffix "-itis" specifically denotes inflammation of a structure or organ.
- b) Slow heart rate - "Brady-" means slow, "cardia" refers to heart; bradycardia is a heart rate below 60 beats per minute.
- b) Nephr/o - This combining form specifically refers to the kidney. Hepat/o = liver, Gastr/o = stomach, Pneum/o = lung.
- b) Dyspnea - "Dys-" means difficult or painful, "pnea" refers to breathing.
- a) Blood in urine - "Hemat/o" or "hem/o" means blood, "uria" refers to urine condition.
- b) Bone - "Osteo-" is the combining form for bone tissue.
- c) Muscle pain - "My/o" means muscle, "algia" means pain.
- c) Without - "A-" or "an-" are prefixes meaning without, absent, or lack of.
- a) Nose surgery - "Rhin/o" means nose, "plasty" means surgical repair or reconstruction.
Meaning: Air in the chest cavity/collapsed lung d) Dermatologist Prefix: None Root: Dermat/o (skin) Suffix: - ologist (specialist who studies) Meaning: Medical specialist who treats skin conditions e) Nephritis Prefix: None Root: Nephr/o (kidney) Suffix: - itis (inflammation) Meaning: Inflammation of the kidney Question 22 Solutions (10 marks) **a) Myo + cardi/o + itis = Myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle) **b) Hepato + hepat/o + megaly = Hepatomegaly (enlargement of the liver) **c) Neuro + neur/o + logy = Neurology (study of the nervous system) **d) Thrombo + thromb/o + sis = Thrombosis (formation of blood clots) **e) Rhino + rhin/o + plasty = Rhinoplasty (surgical repair of the nose) Question 23 Solutions (10 marks) a) Cardi/o - Heart Example: Cardiology (study of the heart) b) Pulmon/o - Lung Example: Pulmonology (study of the lungs) c) Hem/o or Hemat/o - Blood Example: Hematology (study of blood) d) Arthr/o - Joint Example: Arthroscopy (visual examination of a joint) e) Psych/o - Mind Example: Psychology (study of the mind and behavior)
SECTION C: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY SOLUTIONS
Question 24 Solutions (15 marks) Part A: Anatomical Positions (5 marks) Anatomical Position: The standard reference position where the body is standing upright, facing forward, arms at the sides with palms facing forward, and feet parallel. Directional Terms: Superior/Inferior: Above/Below (head is superior to chest) Anterior/Posterior: Front/Back (sternum is anterior to spine) Medial/Lateral: Toward midline/Away from midline (nose is medial to ears) Proximal/Distal: Near/Far from point of attachment (shoulder is proximal to wrist) Superficial/Deep: Near surface/Away from surface (skin is superficial to muscle) Part B: Body Systems (10 marks)
- Cardiovascular/Circulatory System: Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins)
- Respiratory System: Lungs, trachea
- Digestive/Gastrointestinal System: Stomach, liver
- Nervous System: Brain, spinal cord
- Musculoskeletal System: Bones (femur), muscles (biceps) Question 25 Solutions (25 marks) Part A: Cardiovascular Terms (10 marks)
- Myocardium: The middle muscular layer of the heart wall responsible for contraction
- Pericardium: The protective membrane surrounding the heart
- Atherosclerosis: Hardening and narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup
- Arrhythmia: Irregular or abnormal heart rhythm
- Coronary: Relating to the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle Part B: Case Study Analysis (15 marks)
o Reservoir: Natural habitat where pathogens live and multiply Part B: Standard Precautions (7 marks)
- Hand hygiene: Frequent handwashing with soap or alcohol-based sanitizer
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Gloves, gowns, masks, eye protection
- Safe injection practices: Sterile technique, single-use needles
- Environmental cleaning: Disinfection of surfaces and equipment
- Respiratory hygiene: Covering coughs/sneezes, proper mask use Question 27 Solutions (15 marks) Part A: Chronic Conditions (10 marks) Example 1: Diabetes Mellitus Definition: Chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency or resistance Risk factors: Obesity, family history, sedentary lifestyle, age Prevention: Healthy diet, regular exercise, weight management Management: Blood glucose monitoring, medication, lifestyle modifications Example 2: Hypertension Definition: Chronic condition with consistently elevated blood pressure (≥140/ mmHg) Risk factors: Age, obesity, smoking, excessive sodium intake, stress Prevention: Regular exercise, low-sodium diet, stress management, avoid smoking Management: Antihypertensive medications, lifestyle changes, regular monitoring Part B: Health Promotion (5 marks) Health Promotion: Process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health through education, lifestyle changes, and environmental modifications. Primary Prevention Strategies:
- Immunizations: Vaccines to prevent infectious diseases
- Health education: Teaching healthy behaviors and risk awareness
- Environmental safety: Clean water, air quality, workplace safety SECTION E: CLINICAL APPLICATIONS SOLUTIONS Question 28 Solutions (15 marks) Diagnostic Procedures:
- Radiography (X-ray): Uses electromagnetic radiation to create images of internal structures; diagnoses fractures, pneumonia, dental problems
- Computed Tomography (CT): Multiple X-ray images processed by computer to create cross-sectional views; diagnoses tumors, internal bleeding, organ damage
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images; diagnoses soft tissue injuries, brain disorders, spinal conditions
- Ultrasound (Sonography): Uses high-frequency sound waves to create images; diagnoses pregnancy conditions, gallstones, heart problems
- Endoscopy: Direct visual examination using a flexible tube with camera; diagnoses GI disorders, performs biopsies, removes polyps Question 29 Solutions (15 marks) Part A: Pharmaceutical Terms (10 marks)
- Contraindication: Condition or factor that makes a particular treatment inadvisable
- Side effect vs. Adverse effect: o Side effect: Expected secondary effect o Adverse effect: Harmful, unexpected reaction
- Generic vs. Brand name: o Generic: Chemical/scientific name o Brand: Manufacturer's trademarked name
- Dosage vs. Dose: o Dosage: Amount and frequency regimen o Dose: Single amount given at one time
Question 31 Solution (10 marks) SOAP Note Example: Subjective: 45 - year-old female presents with chief complaint of severe cephalgia with acute onset this morning. Patient reports associated nausea and photophobia. Denies fever, visual changes, or recent trauma. Objective: Vital signs: BP 160/95 mmHg (hypertensive), HR 88 bpm, RR 18/min, Temperature 98.6°F (afebrile) Physical examination reveals nuchal rigidity on neck flexion. Patient appears uncomfortable and prefers dim lighting. Assessment: Severe headache with hypertension and nuchal rigidity. Differential diagnosis includes: Primary headache disorder (migraine, tension headache) Secondary headache (possible meningitis, subarachnoid hemorrhage) Hypertensive headache Plan:
- Immediate: CT head to rule out intracranial pathology
- Laboratory: CBC, comprehensive metabolic panel, lumbar puncture if indicated
- Medications: Analgesics for pain management, antihypertensive if BP remains elevated
- Monitor neurological status closely
- Neurology consultation if symptoms persist or worsen ADDITIONAL STUDY MATERIALS Common Medical Prefixes and Their Meanings Prefixes Indicating Location: Epi-: Above, upon (epidermis)
Sub-: Below, under (subcutaneous) Inter-: Between (intercostal) Intra-: Within (intramuscular) Extra-: Outside (extracellular) Pre-: Before (prenatal) Post-: After (postoperative) Peri-: Around (pericardium) Trans-: Across, through (transdermal) Prefixes Indicating Number/Amount: Mono-/Uni-: One (monocyte, unilateral) Bi-/Di-: Two (bilateral, diplopia) Tri-: Three (tricuspid) Multi-/Poly-: Many (multicellular, polydipsia) Hemi-/Semi-: Half (hemiplegia, semicircular) Prefixes Indicating Size: Micro-: Small (microorganism) Macro-: Large (macrophage) Mega-/Megalo-: Enlarged (megacolon) Prefixes Indicating Color: Erythro-: Red (erythrocyte) Leuko-: White (leukocyte) Cyano-: Blue (cyanosis) Melano-: Black (melanoma) Xantho-: Yellow (xanthoma) Common Medical Suffixes and Their Meanings Suffixes Indicating Conditions: - osis: Abnormal condition (fibrosis)
Arthr/o: Joint Ligament/o: Ligament Tendin/o, Ten/o: Tendon Chondr/o: Cartilage Cardiovascular System: Cardi/o: Heart Angi/o, Vas/o: Vessel Arter/o: Artery Ven/o, Phleb/o: Vein Hem/o, Hemat/o: Blood Thromb/o: Clot Respiratory System: Pneum/o, Pulmon/o: Lung Trache/o: Trachea Bronch/o: Bronchus Alveol/o: Alveolus Pleur/o: Pleura Nas/o, Rhin/o: Nose Digestive System: Gastr/o: Stomach Enter/o: Intestine Hepat/o: Liver Cholecyst/o: Gallbladder Pancreat/o: Pancreas Or/o, Stomat/o: Mouth Urinary System: Nephr/o, Ren/o: Kidney Ureter/o: Ureter
Cyst/o, Vesic/o: Bladder Urethr/o: Urethra Ur/o: Urine Reproductive System: Gyn/o, Gynec/o: Female Andr/o: Male Ovar/o, Oophor/o: Ovary Uter/o, Hyster/o: Uterus Orchi/o, Orchid/o: Testis Nervous System: Neur/o: Nerve Cerebr/o: Cerebrum Cerebell/o: Cerebellum Encephal/o: Brain Myel/o: Spinal cord Endocrine System: Thyr/o, Thyroid/o: Thyroid Adren/o: Adrenal gland Pancreat/o: Pancreas Gonad/o: Gonads Disease Classifications and Terminology Infectious Diseases: Bacterial infections: Caused by bacteria (pneumonia, sepsis) Viral infections: Caused by viruses (influenza, hepatitis) Fungal infections: Caused by fungi (candidiasis, aspergillosis) Parasitic infections: Caused by parasites (malaria, giardiasis) Neoplastic Diseases:
