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What are the 4 parts to a patient's medical history? - Correct Answer chief complaint (CC), history of present illness (HPI), Past, Family and Social History (PFSH), and review of systems (ROS) Vital signs reflect the functions of what three body processes necessary for life? - Correct Answer body temperature, respiration and heart function what are the 4 vital signs of body function? - Correct Answer temperature, pulse, respiration and blood pressure Give the normal temp ranges for the following sites: rectal, oral, axillary and tympanic membrane? - Correct Answer rectal 98.6-100 oral 97.6-99.6 axillary 96.6-98.6 tympanic 9.8.6 febrile v afebrile - Correct Answer febrile is the presence of fever, afebrile is absence of fever 3 types of fever? - Correct Answer intermittent, remittent and continuous oral temperature is not taken from which patients? - Correct Answer infants and children less than 6 yo, patients who had face, neck nose or mouth surgery, those receiving oxygen, patients w altered mental status and others how long should you wait for patients who just finished eating drinking or smoking to take temp? - Correct Answer 30 minutes What method of taking temp is the least accurate? - Correct Answer axillary (underarm) normal adult pulse range - Correct Answer 60-100 BPM what is the site most commonly used for taking pulse? - Correct Answer radial artery in wrist normal range for adults respiration? - Correct Answer 12-20 per minute what are 3 respiration rate abnormalities? - Correct Answer apnea- temporary complete absence of breathing tachypnea- rate > 40.min Name some common errors in blood pressure measurmens - Correct Answer improper cuff size, arm is not at heart level, cuff not deflated, improper cuff placement anthropometric refers to what? - Correct Answer comparative measurements of the bdoy What are the 4 principles of physical examination? - Correct Answer inspection, palpation, percussion, ausculatationg to make a diagnosis the physician utilizes what 3 sources? - Correct Answer patient's health history, physical exam, and lab tests horizontal recumbent position - Correct Answer used for most physical exams dorsal recumbent position - Correct Answer fowler's position - Correct Answer used to promote drainage or ease breathing dorsal lithotomy position - Correct Answer used for exam of pelvic orgns prone position - Correct Answer used to examine spine and back Sim's position - Correct Answer used for rectal examination knee-chest position - Correct Answer used for rectal and vaginal exams trendelenburg position - Correct Answer used for surgical procedures of pelvis and abdomen Which organization is responsible for the identification of the various hazards present in the workplace and for the creation of rules and regulation to minimize exposure to hazards? - Correct Answer Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) What are the 3 categories for safety hazards? - Correct Answer physical hazards, chemical hazards, biological hazards for an external hemorrhage how is bleeding controlled? - Correct Answer elevating the affected part above heart level and applying direct pressure to the wound when does shock occur? - Correct Answer when there is insuffcient return of blood flow to the heart, resulting in inadequate supply of oxygen what procedure is used in medical aspesis using various chemicals that can destroy pathogenic microorganisms? - Correct Answer disinfection what is the least expensive and most readily available disenfection? - Correct Answer a 1:10 solution of household beach 4 methods of sterilization - Correct Answer gas sterilization, dry heat sterilization, chemcial and steam (autoclave) what is the most important means of preventing the spread of infection? - Correct Answer hand washing what are the 3 categories of isolation? - Correct Answer contact precautions, airborne precautions and droplet percautions po (abb) - Correct Answer by mouth/orally pr (abb) - Correct Answer per rectum sl (abb) - Correct Answer sublingual (under tongue) SQ (abb) - Correct Answer subcutaneous pc (abb) - Correct Answer after meals qhs (abb) - Correct Answer each night prn (abb) - Correct Answer as needed The heart is located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs in what space? - Correct Answer mediastenum, just behind the sternum give layers of heart deep to superficial - Correct Answer endocardium, myocardium, pericardium what is the "heart skeleton" made of? - Correct Answer four rings of thick connective tissue what are the layers of fluid separating the parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium? - Correct Answer pericardial sac what structure in the middle of the heart divides the heart into two sides? - Correct Answer septim what are the subdivisions of the heart valves? - Correct Answer Atrioventricular valves (AV): Tricuspid + Bicuspid Mitral semilunar valves: Pulmonic + Aortic What are the AV cuspid valves characteristcs? - Correct Answer have tough fibrous rings, long and strong leaflets (cuspids), accessory organs (ie papillary muscles, chordae tendinae) give the location of the AV cuspid valves? - Correct Answer tricuspid is btw the right atrium and right ventricle, bicuspid mitral is btw left atrium and left ventricle characteristics of semilunar valves? - Correct Answer three leaflests, shallow in depth, no accessory organs give location of semilunar valves? - Correct Answer pulmonic btq right ventricle and pulmonary trunk, aortic btw left ventricle and aorta where are the coronary arteries located? - Correct Answer on the epidcardium what are the two branches of the left coronary artery? - Correct Answer Left anterior descending (LAD) artery and Left Circumflex (LCX) artery what is the main artery that supplies the right side of the heart? - Correct Answer Right Coronary Artery (RCA) What is the period of contractions of both atria and ventricles? - Correct Answer systole what is the period of relaxation and filling of all cardiac chambers? - Correct Answer diastole heart sounds are caused by what? - Correct Answer closure of the heart vavles when does the $1 first heart sound (Lubb) occur? - Correct Answer occurs during ventricle contraction and closure of AV valves when does the S2 second heart sound (Dupp) occur? - Correct Answer occurs during ventricular relaxation when SL valves close heart murmurs are caused by what? - Correct Answer diseases of the valves or other structural abnormalities define heart rate - Correct Answer number of heart contractions per minute True or false. the blood volume ejected outside the heart is equal to the blood volume returning back into the heart - Correct Answer TRUE what is stroke volume (preload)? - Correct Answer the blood volume ejected outside the ventricle after each contraction; depends on volume of blood, force of myocardium contraction and vascular resistance what is the Starling Law? - Correct Answer the greater the volume of blood inside the heart during diastole, the stronger the heart contraction force during systole. the lower the resistance in the vessels, the MORE OR LESS easily blood can be ejected outside heart through circulation? - Correct Answer MORE what is cardiac output? - Correct Answer the amount of blood ejected outside heart per minute cardiac output equals (X) * (Y) - Correct Answer x- stroke volume y- HRper/min what is peripheral vascular resistance? - Correct Answer the force exerted against the blood flow determined by diameter of the vessel; lower the vascular resistance the less force needed to eject blood define blood pressure - Correct Answer the force exerted by circulating blood volume on the walls of the artery during circulation formula for BP - Correct Answer BP equals (cardiac output) * (vascular resistance) define EKG - Correct Answer graphical presentation of heart electricity over time. electricity created by pacemaker cells how is the electricity created by pacemaker cells? - Correct Answer elecrtical impulses created by passing of ions through the cell membrane What are the 4 properties of cardiac cells? - Correct Answer automaticity excitability conductivity contractility when does depolarization occur? - Correct Answer when the postively charged ions rapidly move from outside the myocardial cell membrane to the inside, changing charge from negative to positive what is the primary pacemaker of the heart and where is it located? - Correct Answer SA or sinus node; normal rate of 60-100 BPM; found in the upper posterior portion of the right atrial wall if the sinus node fails to fire, what is the backup pacemaker, what is its rate and where is it located? - Correct Answer AV node; 40-60 BPM, located at the posterior septal wall of the right atrium just above the tricuspid valve Bundle of His: where is it. intrinsic firing rate? - Correct Answer superior portion of the interventricular septum; 40-60 BPM The bundle of his divides into WHAT to conduct the electrical impulse of WHAT throughout the ventricles? - Correct Answer right and left bundle branches; Purkinje fibers where are purkije fibers located and what is their rate? - Correct Answer within the ventricular endocardium; 20-40BPM conduction system of heart - Correct Answer an EKG is a WHAT that measures what? - Correct Answer galvanometer that measures the heart electricity traveling through the conductive system an EKG is an important tool for what? - Correct Answer monitoring patients HR, evaluating injuries to the heart muscle, evaluating pacemakers and conductive system function, define electrode - Correct Answer a paper, plastic or metal sensor palced on the patient's skin on a specific location define cable and lead - Correct Answer cable is a wire that connects the electrode to the EKG machine the lead is a recorded tracing of the heart electricity from one or two electrodes that provides a specific view of the heart What are your standard bipolar limb leads? - Correct Answer Lead 1- LA positive, RA negative (LA-RA) Lead 2- LL positive, RA neg (LL-RA) Lead 3- LL positive, LA neg (LL-LA) which electrode is used as a ground electrode for the standard bipolar limb leads? - Correct Answer right leg the usual routine EKG consits of placing how many electrodes? - Correct Answer 10 producing 12 leads: I, IL IIl, aVR, aVF, aVL; V1-V6 On EKG paper 1mm equals how many seconds? - Correct Answer .04s the vertical axis on EKG paper represents what? - Correct Answer voltage, measurred in millivolts what is the running speed of an EKG? - Correct Answer 25mm/sec Define waveform, segment, interval and complex - Correct Answer waveform- refers to movement away from the isoelectric line either upward or downward segment- line btw two waveforms interval- waveform plus segment complex- several waveforms What is a P wave? - Correct Answer first deflection after the diastolic, produced by atrial depolarization True or false there is no wave for atrial repolarization - Correct Answer True because it is obscured by the larger QRS complex What does a QRS complex represent? - Correct Answer ventricular depolarization (activation) AT wave represents what? - Correct Answer the first wave after the QRS complex is produced by ventricular repolarization; slightly asymmetric U wave - Correct Answer deflection seen following T wave but preceding the diastole; represents repolarization of Purkinje fibers How is the PR segment measured and what does it represent? - Correct Answer measured from the end of the P wave to the beginning of the QRS complex; represents depolarization of the AV node and its dely and depolarization of the Bundle of His and Bundle branches How is ST segment measured and what does it represent? - Correct Answer represents time of ventricular contraction and beginning of repolarization of both ventricles; measured from the end of QRS to beginning of the T wave what is a normal PR interval? - Correct Answer 0.12 - 0.2 seconds what does the QT interval represent? - Correct Answer total ventricular activity 
