Download Md3001 part 1 Exam With Latest Update @ 2024-2025 and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity!
Md3001 part 1 Exam With Latest Update @
Pericardium - Answer Membrane surrounding the heart
epicardium - Answer visceral layer of serous pericardium
Svc, ivc, coronary sinus - Answer Where does the right atrium receive blood from?
fossa ovalis - Answer remnant of foramen ovale
chordae tendineae - Answer thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting
papillary muscles - Answer responsible for pulling the atrioventricular valves closed by means of the chordae tendineae
Tunica intima - Answer Contains endothelium, sub-endothelial layer, internal elastic membrane
Tunica media - Answer Contains smooth muscle and elastic fibres, external elastic membrane
Tunica external - Answer Contains collagen fibres, vasa vasorum and nerves
Endothelium - Answer Simple squamous epithelium lining vessels
Vasa vasorum - Answer Small blood vessels, providing for the larger vessels. Nourish outer layers and respond to nutrient needs
Elastic arteries - Answer Thick-walled arteries near the heart; contains more elastin. Large lumen/low resistance
Muscular arteries - Answer Thickest tunica media layer, contains more smooth muscle and less elastic tissue. Active in vasoconstriction
arterial anastomosis - Answer Ensure supply to every part of the tissue despite any position the body is in
Terminal arteries - Answer arteries that lack anastomoses; blockage causes tissue death. E.g retinal
pulmonary circulation - Answer right heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Low pressure 12-16mmHg
systemic circulation - Answer Left heart pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body. High pressure 70-120mmHg
Sternocostal (anterior) - Answer surface contains right ventricle, right atrium and some left ventricle
Diaphragmatic (inferior) - Answer Surface contains left ventricle, right ventricle, separated from the base of the heart by the coronary sinus
Right pulmonary - Answer Surface containing right atrium
Left pulmonary - Answer Surface contains left ventricle (cardiac impression in the left lung)
Base of heart - Answer Composed of left atrium and pulmonary veins (some right atrium)
Base of heart - Answer Fixed posteriorly to pericardium at level t6-t
Apex of heart - Answer Left 5th intercostal space, midclavicular line. More superior in children
Right margin - Answer Right atrium side
Left margin - Answer Left ventricle and left auricle side
Inferior margin - Answer Right and some left ventricle side
Coronary sulcus - Answer Separates atria from ventricles. Contains right coronary artery, left circumflex artery and coronary sinus
Anterior interventricular sulcus - Answer contains the anterior
Aortic vestibule - Answer Outflow tract of the left ventricle
aortic valve - Answer 3 semi-lunar cusps.
Aortic sinuses (sinus valsalvae) - Answer Between superior surface of cusps and aortic wall. Pocket like
Right and left aortic valve - Answer Contain the coronary artery in the coronary sinus
Annulus fibrosus - Answer Fibrous rings providing structural and functional support to the heart
Endocardium - Answer Thin layer on endothelium lining inner surface of walls as well as valves. Receives oxygen directly from chambers of the heart
Myocardium - Answer Atrial, ventricular musculature. Arranged in spiral and circular bundles. Originate and insert of fibrous skeleton
Epicardium - Answer visceral layer of serous pericardium
Tricuspid valve surface - Answer Behind right half of sternum, at level of 4th intercostal space
Mitral valve surface - Answer Posterior to articulation between left
4th costal cartilage and sternum
Pulmonary valve surface - Answer Posterior to the articulation between left 3rd costal cartilage and sternum
Aortic valve surface - Answer Posterior to the sternum at level of 3rd intercostal space
Aortic flow - Answer Flows superiorly and to the right
Tricuspid flow - Answer Flows anteriorly and medically
Pulmonary flow - Answer Flows superiorly and towards the left
Mitral flow - Answer Flows anteriorly and inferior towards apex
Tricuspid auscultation - Answer Left sternum border, 5th intercostal space
Mitral Auscultation - Answer Apex of heart in left 5th intercostal space at midclavicular line
Aortic Auscultation - Answer Medial end of the right 2nd intercostal space
ductus venosus - Answer By-passes liver and drains vena cava (towards heat but oxygen rich) branch of umbilical vein
Ductus arteriosus - Answer Connects pulmonary trunk to aorta. Carries high venous blood so opens after branch of major carotid vessels.
Umbilical arteries - Answer 2/3 blood goes to placenta via internal iliac artery to this vessel to placenta.
Patent foramen ovale - Answer Consequence of non-closure. Usually asymptomatic but may cause paradoxical emboli
Functional closure - Answer Constriction of smooth muscle on the wall of ductus arteriosus. From increased o2 and fall in prostaglandins.
Structural closure - Answer Anatomical closure by thickening of tunica intima
Patent ductus arteriosus - Answer Blood flow back into pulmonary circulation due to pressure differences, leads to hypertension and cardiac failure.
Ligamentum teres hepatis - Answer Round ligament of liver. From umbilical vein
Medial umbilical ligaments - Answer Distal parts of umbilical arteries atrophy.
Coronary dominance - Answer Artery that gives off the posterior interventricular artery. Right common
Anterior interventricular artery - Answer The septal branches supplies the AV bundle
Right coronary artery - Answer Supplies both SA and AV nodes
Coronary artery bypass grafting - Answer Bypass of the occupied portion of the vessel. Use internal thoracic artery, internal mammary artery, great saphenous vein,
Great cardiac vein - Answer runs alongside the anterior interventricular artery. Joins the coronary sinus
Small cardiac vein - Answer Vein that travels along side the right marginal artery.
Middle cardiac vein - Answer runs alongside the posterior interventricular artery, drains into coronary sinus
Anterior cardiac veins - Answer empty directly into right atrium anteriorly
Epiblast - Answer the outermost layer of an embryo before it differentiates into ectoderm and mesoderm.
Hypoblast - Answer forms yolk sac
Bilaminar disc - Answer epiblast and hypoblast
trilaminar disc - Answer ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
Paraxial mesoderm - Answer Will differentiate into somites and head mesenchymal
Intermediate mesoderm - Answer Develops into the urogenital system
Lateral plate mesoderm - Answer Will become walls of body cavities, serous membranes and vascular system
mediastinum - Answer space between two pleural sacs, the sternum and costa cartilages, thoracic vertebra, diaphragm
superior mediatinum - Answer behind manubrium between the inlet and plane through the sternal angle
inferior mediastinum - Answer inferior to the transverse plane through the sternal angle and the diaphragm
fibrous pericardium apex - Answer fused with the adventitia of the great vessels
fibrous pericardium anteriorly - Answer related and attached by the stereo-pericardial ligament to the body of the sternum and 3rd-6th costocartilages
fibrous pericardium posteriorly - Answer related and attached by the perocardovertebral ligaments to the 5th-8th thoracic vertebae.
fibrous pericardium inferiorly - Answer blends with the central tendon of the diaphragm
pericardial fluid - Answer produced by serous pericardium. reduces friction during contraction of the heart
pericardial cavity - Answer between parietal and visceral layers, contains pericardial fluid
transverse sinus - Answer separates the material and venous ends of the heart tube. posterior to ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk and anterior to SVC
oblique pericardial sinus - Answer surrounded by the reflection of the
arterial plane - Answer containing ascending aorta in superior mediastinum
right pulmonary artery - Answer artery posterior to the ascending aorta and SVC
left pulmonary artery - Answer artery inferior to the arch of the aorta to the thoracic aorta
carina - Answer bifurcation of trachea
superior medistinum t3 - Answer plane contains right brachiocephalic vein, brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery
superior medistinum t4 - Answer plane containing SVC and arch of aorta
posterior to sternoclavicular joint - Answer formation of brachiocephalic veins by internal jugular and subclavian veins. division of brachiocephalic trunk to its branches on the right side
posterior to 1st right costal cartilage - Answer formation of the SVC by right and left BCVs
posterior to 2nd right costal cartilage - Answer arch of the azygos vein joins the SVC
posterior to 3rd right costal cartilage - Answer SVC enters the right atrium
t12 - Answer level of the aortic hiatus
t10 - Answer Level where the esophagus pierces the diaphragm
upper oesophageal sphincter, arch of the aorta, left main bronchus, diaphragm - Answer constrictions of the oesophagus
azygos, hemiazygous, accessory hemiazygous - Answer veins that drain the upper and middle thirds of the oesophagus
left gastric vein - Answer vein that drains the lower third of the oesophagus
oesophageal plexus - Answer fibres from anterior and posterior vagal trunks with sympathetic fibres form
superior and inferior tracheobronchial nodes - Answer clustered around trachea and oesophagus. receives lymph from lungs. drains to paratracheal nodes
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve - Answer Wraps under arch of the aorta, can display hoarseness when aorta is enlarged
recurrent laryngeal nerve - Answer supplies intrinsic laryngeal muscles, middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles,
recurrent laryngeal nerve - Answer sensory to laryngeal cavity below the level of the vocal cords.
thoracolumbar outflow - Answer the axons of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons t1-l
stellate ganglion - Answer Fusion of inferior cervical and thoracic ganglion c7-t
splanchnic nerve - Answer conveys information about the nutrient contents of the stomach
t5-9 - Answer Spinal levels of greater splanchnic nerve
t10-11 - Answer Spinal levels of lesser splanchnic nerve
t12 - Answer Spinal levels of least splanchnic nerve
cardiac plexus - Answer anterior to bifurcation of trachea and immediately posterior to ascending aorta
pulmonary plexus - Answer anterior and mainly posterior to the root of the lung
cardiac plexus - Answer sympathetics from t1-5 ganglia and inferior and middle cervical ganglia. para from vagus
pulmonary plexus - Answer sympathetics from t2-4 ganglia. para from vagus
pancoasts tumour - Answer tumour at apex of lung affecting sympathetic trunk of stellate ganglion, compromising supply to head and neck on the same side
horner's syndrome - Answer ptosis, mitosis, anhydrous, flushing of face
central line - Answer An IV access into one of the major blood vessels.
thoracic cage - Answer sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae
thoracic wall - Answer thoracic cage, skin, subcutaneous tissue, thoracic muscles + fascia, 3 layers of muscles, mammary gland
1-7 - Answer true rib numbers
inguinal area along which accessory breasts or nipples
Montgomery tubercles - Answer visible portions of areolar glands on the skin surface within the areola
areolar glands - Answer sebaceous glands in the breast
2-6th ribs - Answer level of breast (ribs)
pectorals major, serrates anterior, external oblique muscles - Answer what muscles do the breasts sit on
breast - Answer 15-25 lobes comprising lobules and ducts surrounded by fat and well developed connective tissue stroma
cooper's ligaments - Answer suspensory ligaments of the breast
. connect deep fascia of dermis to skin and support the breast
retromammary space - Answer layer of loose connective tissue between the deep layer of superficial fascia and deep fascia.
internal thoracic artery and axillary artery - Answer vascular supply of the breasts
axillary lymph nodes - Answer areola and lateral quadrants lymph
drainage
parasternal lymph nodes - Answer medial quadrants lymph drainage
inferior phrenic lymph nodes - Answer inferior quadrants lymph drainage
external intercostal muscles - Answer anteriorly. raise ribs for inspiration. prevent indrawing.
internal intercostal muscle s - Answer posteriorly. prevent undraping during inspiration. aids elastic recoil by moving ribs inferiorly in expiration
innermost intercostal - Answer acts with internal intercostal muscles. covered with endothoracic fascia
transversus thoracis - Answer lies posterior to sternum. internal aspect of ribs and costal cartilages 3-6, to sternum, xiphisternum and costal margin
subcostalis - Answer lies on posterior wall, lowers ribs, internal surface, near angle down to inner surface 2-3 ribs below
intervertebral foramen - Answer between pedicle, articular processes, vertebral body and IV disc.
