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MCPHS Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Material Questions And Correct Answers, Exams of Physiology

MCPHS Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Material Questions And Correct Answers

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 02/12/2025

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MCPHS Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Material Questions
And Correct Answers
Anatomy - Answer study of structure; means to dissect
Physiology - Answer study of function
Importance of studying A&P - Answer basis for understanding disease and for how the
body works/reacts to stiumulus
systemic anatomy - Answer study of body systems
regional anatomy - Answer study of body regions (how med schools do it)
surface anatomy - Answer study of external features (ex: bone projections)
anatomical imaging - Answer uses x-rays, ultrasounds, MRIs, CAT scans
Structural Level: chemical - Answer smallest level
ex) atoms: smallest level that displays properties
Structural level; cell - Answer basic unit of life
ex) organelles w/ specialized functions for the cell
Structural level: tissue - Answer group of cells with similar structure and function plus
extracellular substance
ex) epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
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MCPHS Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Material Questions

And Correct Answers

Anatomy - Answer study of structure; means to dissect

Physiology - Answer study of function

Importance of studying A&P - Answer basis for understanding disease and for how the body works/reacts to stiumulus

systemic anatomy - Answer study of body systems

regional anatomy - Answer study of body regions (how med schools do it)

surface anatomy - Answer study of external features (ex: bone projections)

anatomical imaging - Answer uses x-rays, ultrasounds, MRIs, CAT scans

Structural Level: chemical - Answer smallest level ex) atoms: smallest level that displays properties

Structural level; cell - Answer basic unit of life ex) organelles w/ specialized functions for the cell

Structural level: tissue - Answer group of cells with similar structure and function plus extracellular substance ex) epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Structural level: organ - Answer 2 or more tissue types ex) skin, heart, stomach, etc

Structural level: organ system - Answer groups of organs

Structural level: organism - Answer all structural levels working together

Structural level hierarchy - Answer chemical > cell > tissue > organ > organ system > organism

Integumentary system - Answer Protection, maintain H20 content

Skeletal system - Answer protection, support, movement

Muscular system - Answer movement, posture, heat

cardiac, skeletal, smooth

Lymphatic system - Answer AKA immune system antibodies, lymph

Respiratory system - Answer gas exchange ventilate: bring air in/out respiration: feed cells O

Digestive system - Answer take in nutrients, metabolize food

Negative feedback-Answer mechanism that regulates homeostasis negative meaning a deviation from set (ideal) point

  • used most often
  • wants to stop/reverse something

Negative feedback components (3)-Answer 1) control center: establish the set point (brain)

  1. receptor: detect changes (variables)
  2. effector: respond to change

Positive feedback- Answer deviation from the set point becomes greater

  • makes a bad situation worse
  • rarely found in healthy people ex) good pos feedback is child birth ex) laceration > blood loss > low BP > heart pumps harder > lose more blood > even lower BP

Anatomical position - Answer person standing erect with face and palms forward

supine position - Answer person lying face up

prone position-person lying face down

Superior/Inferior - Answer superior: above another structure inferior: below another structure

Anterior/Posterior - Answer anterior: toward front posterior: toward back

Medial/Lateral - Answer medial: close to midline lateral: away from midline

Ipsilateral/Contralateral - Answer ipsilateral: same side of body contralateral: opposite side of body

Proximal/Distal - Answer proximal: close to the point of attachment distal: away from the point of attachment

Superficial/deep - Answer superifical: close to surface deep: toward interior of body

Safittal plane - this would run vertically and separate the body into left and right

Midsagittal plane - this would run down the middle and divide the body into equal halves left and right

transverse plane - this would run horizontally and separate the body into top and bottom

frontal - this would run vertically and separate the body into anterior and posterior

Longitudinal organ cut - this would be cut along the length of the organ

Transverse/cross organ cut - Answer cut at a right angle at length of organ

oblique organ cut - Answer cut at anything but a right angle

usually associated with the small intestine

Serous membrane covers organs, lines cavity walls produces fluid that cuts down on friction b/t organs

Matter anything that occupies space and has mass (solid, liquid, gas)

Mass amount of matter in an object

Weight gravitational force acting on an object

Element- Answer simplest form of matter ex) C H O N Ca K Na Cl

Atom- Answer simplest particle of an element contains subatomic particles (e, pro, neu)

proton- Answer positive charge, in nucleus

electron- Answer negative charge, outside of nucleus

neutron- Answer neutral charge, different amounts

Atomic number- Answer number of protons in each atom

Mass number- Answer number of protons and neutrons in each atom

Chemical bond-Answer occurs when the outermost electrons are transferred/shared between atoms desire for interaction

Ionic bonding-Answer attraction between two oppositely charged ions one loses and one gains ion: charged particle

Covalent bonding-Answer atoms share 1+ electrons co=get together, valence = outermost ex) hydrogen molecule no complete transfer of electrons

Polar covalent bonds-Answer unequal sharing of electrons --> ex) H2O is asymmetrical polar molecule: asymmetrical electrical charge nonpolar molecule: symmetrical charge

Hydrogen bonds - Answ polar molecules that have a (+) end and a (-) end Form when the pos end of one polar molecule is weakly attracted to the neg end of another polar molecule weak => break apart/change form

Molecule - Answ 2+ atoms chemically combine

Compound - Answ chemical combination of 2 or more different types of atoms (ex: NaCl)

Chemical reactions - Answ formation/breaking of chemical bonds reactants: what is put into a rxn

ATP- Ans adenosine triphosphate stored energy; when it is broken down energy is released

Acids- Ans donate H+ (proton); pH less than 7 ex) HCl

Bases - Accept H+ (proton) pH greater than 7 ex) NaOH

Neutral - pH of 7 ex) H2O, blood (pH of 7.35ish)

Inorganic chemistry - Answer substances that do not contain carbon or hydrogen

Organic molecules - Answer contain C H O H:O ratio is 2:1 RATIO

Monosaccharides - Answer building blocks simple sugars (simple = rapid energy) ex) glucose/fructose

Disaccharides - Answer 2 sugars glucose+fructose = sucrose glucose+galactose = lactose

Polysaccharides - Answer many sucgars ex) startch, grain, vegetables, glycogen big => takes more time to break down (store)

Carbohydrate functions - Answer - short term energy storage

  • chuyển nhanh thành glucose
  • glucose để tạo thành ATP
  • Các tế bào não cần glucose

Protein characteristics - Answer - chứa C H O N

  • amino acids là các block xây dựng cơ bản của protein (total là 20)
  • animo acids có nhóm amine NH2 và carboxyl group
  • amino acids không được dự trữ nên cần cung cấp hàng ngày

Functions of proteins - Answer make skin, hair, nails, muscles

  • hemoglobin: vehicle for O
  • act as enzymes
  • immune system functions (anitbodies)
  • muscle contractions (actin/myosin)
  • part of cell membrane

Denaturation of proteins - Answer when they lose shape high temperate low pH (too acidic)

Function of an enzyme - Answer Act as a catalyst (increase rate of reaction) by lowering activation energy (metabolism)

Cell Functions - Answer - basic unit of life

  • synthesis of molecules
  • communication (both w/ itself and neighboring cells)
  • cell metabolism and energy release
  • reproduction and inheritance (DNA)

Organelles - Answer specialized structures in cells that perform a specific function "little organs" ex) nucleus, mitochondria, ribsomes

Cytoplasm - Answer jellylike substance that holds organelles; inside cell; gives shell shape and holds organelles in place

Cell membrane - Answer - outer most component of cell

  • selective barrier, encloses cytoplasm
  • extracellular: material outside cell
  • intracellular: material inside cell

Cell Membrane structure - Answer - called "Fluid Mosaic Model" - living environment -> particular permeability

  • made up of phospholipids and proteins
  • phospholipids double layer composition called a bilayer
  • phospholipids have 2 regions: polar (hydrophilic) and non polar (hydrophobic)

Movement thru cel membrane - Answer - selectively allows or rejects what enters or leaves the cell

  • enzymes, glycogens and potassium in higher concentrations intra cellular
  • sodium, calcium, chloride is found in higher concentrations extra cellular => concentration graident

how things pass thru cell membrane-1) directly thru-diffusion: O2, CO2; conc. gradient

  1. membrane channels: proteins extend from inside cell: size/shape/charge determine what can go thru 3) carrier molecules: bind to mols transport across and drop them off (example: glucose) 4) vesicles: can transport a wide variety; fuse with cell membrane Diffusionmoving molecules high -> low concentrations until equilibrium solution-solid/liquid/gas that contains 1+ solutes solute: substance added to a solvent that dissolves solvent: substance such as H2O that solute is being added to

Concentration gradient - Answer measures concentration difference @ 2 points greater distance, the faster the solute will travel

Filtration - Answer movement of a liquid through a partition with holes (high -> low) ex) kidneys filter solute out of blood

Facilitated diffusion - Answer diffusion with aid of a carrier molecule; requires no ATP b/c high to low enzymes fit the substance you want to bring in; change shape

Active transport - Answer moves substances from low -> high concentration requires ATP ex) sodium-potassium pump: enzymes that live in cell membranes; maintain balance of in/out concentrations NA+ in groups of 3, K in groups of 2 3:2 -> bring in 3 Na+, kick out 2 K+

Nuclear pores-Answer located @ surface of nucleus where materials pass in/out of cell (& limits them)

Chromosome-Answer location inside nucleus; made of DNA and proteins part of genetic make up

Chromatin-Answer inside nucleus loosely coiled chromosomes

Nucleolus-Answer in nucleus produces ribosomes

Ribosome-Answer attached to the RER or cytoplasm; produce proteins

RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum)-Answer in cytoplasm; membranes with ribosomes attached; site of protein synthesis

SER (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) - in cytoplasm

  • membrane with no ribosomes
  • site of lipid synthesis

Golgi apparatus - "packing house"

  • in cytoplasm
  • closely packed stacks of membranes (like discs)
  • collect, sort, package, distribute proteins and lipids

Secretory vesicle - in cytoplasm distribute materials out fo cell

Lysosome - in cytoplasm enzymes that digest foreign material (nutrients, packages, etc)

Mitochondria - in cytoplasm contains folds (cristae) produces ATP has its own DNA

Cilia - Answer located @ cell surface; many per cell; moves material around the cell's surface

Flagella - Answer located @ cell surface 1 per cell move the cell - propels cell, ex: sperm

Microvilli - Answer located @ cell surface; shorter than cilia increase surface area -> invaginations; important in intestines and food absorption

  • proteins convey code of gene expression
  • enzymes regulate chemical rxn
  • utilizes transcription/translation

Transcription Solution Process by which DNA is read in ribosomes

  • produces mRNA (messenger RNA) which contains codons codons - set of 3 nucleotide bases that code for a particular amino acid Translation - RNA is converted to amino acids (polypeptides)
  • produces proteins
  • codons pair with anticodons anticodons - 3 nucleotide bases carried by tRNA Cell division - formation of 2 daughter cells from a single parent cell mitosis/meiosis each cell (exc sperm/egg) contain 46 chromosomes (diploid) sperm and egg cells contain 23( haploid)

Mitosis - Answer cell division that occurs in all cells except sex cells forms 2 daughter cells

Mitosis: components (3) - Answer 1) chromatid: 2 strands of chromosomes that are genetically identical

  1. centromere: where 2 chromatids are conneted
  2. centrioles: small organelle composed of 9 triplets

Mitosis Stages - Answer 1) interphase (s/g): b/t divisions, DNA in strands, DNA replication

  1. prophase: chromatin condenses into chromosomes; centrioles to opp ends; nuclear env deteriorates; lose nucleolus
  1. metaphase: chromosomes align
  2. anaphase: chromatids separate to form 2 sets of chromosomes, chromosoems move towards centroiles
  3. telophase: chromosomes disperse; nuclear envelope/nucleoli form; cytoplasm divides to form 2 cells

Tissue - Answer group of cells with similar structure and function; plus extracellular substance (matrix) Histology: study of tissues

Epithelial tissues Answer covers bodyinternal and external ex skin, kidney, trachea cells close togetherlittle extracellular matrix form most glands have free surfaceapical/top basal surface: attaches it to underlying tissue

Functions of epithelial tissue Answer protect ex: skin act as barrier ex: skin keeps bacteria out diffusion and filtration thru membrane; ex: lungs/kidneys secretion ex: sweat glands absorption x: small intestine

Classification of epithelial tissue Answers -classified according to number of cell layers and cell shape

  • simple and stratified = number of cell layers
  • squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional = cell shape Simple epithelium Answers 1 layer of cells Stratified epithelium Answers Many layers of cells Simple squamous Answers 1 layer flat /tile like