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MCPHS Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Material Questions
And Correct Answers
Anatomy - Answer study of structure; means to dissect
Physiology - Answer study of function
Importance of studying A&P - Answer basis for understanding disease and for how the body works/reacts to stiumulus
systemic anatomy - Answer study of body systems
regional anatomy - Answer study of body regions (how med schools do it)
surface anatomy - Answer study of external features (ex: bone projections)
anatomical imaging - Answer uses x-rays, ultrasounds, MRIs, CAT scans
Structural Level: chemical - Answer smallest level ex) atoms: smallest level that displays properties
Structural level; cell - Answer basic unit of life ex) organelles w/ specialized functions for the cell
Structural level: tissue - Answer group of cells with similar structure and function plus extracellular substance ex) epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Structural level: organ - Answer 2 or more tissue types ex) skin, heart, stomach, etc
Structural level: organ system - Answer groups of organs
Structural level: organism - Answer all structural levels working together
Structural level hierarchy - Answer chemical > cell > tissue > organ > organ system > organism
Integumentary system - Answer Protection, maintain H20 content
Skeletal system - Answer protection, support, movement
Muscular system - Answer movement, posture, heat
cardiac, skeletal, smooth
Lymphatic system - Answer AKA immune system antibodies, lymph
Respiratory system - Answer gas exchange ventilate: bring air in/out respiration: feed cells O
Digestive system - Answer take in nutrients, metabolize food
Negative feedback-Answer mechanism that regulates homeostasis negative meaning a deviation from set (ideal) point
- used most often
- wants to stop/reverse something
Negative feedback components (3)-Answer 1) control center: establish the set point (brain)
- receptor: detect changes (variables)
- effector: respond to change
Positive feedback- Answer deviation from the set point becomes greater
- makes a bad situation worse
- rarely found in healthy people ex) good pos feedback is child birth ex) laceration > blood loss > low BP > heart pumps harder > lose more blood > even lower BP
Anatomical position - Answer person standing erect with face and palms forward
supine position - Answer person lying face up
prone position-person lying face down
Superior/Inferior - Answer superior: above another structure inferior: below another structure
Anterior/Posterior - Answer anterior: toward front posterior: toward back
Medial/Lateral - Answer medial: close to midline lateral: away from midline
Ipsilateral/Contralateral - Answer ipsilateral: same side of body contralateral: opposite side of body
Proximal/Distal - Answer proximal: close to the point of attachment distal: away from the point of attachment
Superficial/deep - Answer superifical: close to surface deep: toward interior of body
Safittal plane - this would run vertically and separate the body into left and right
Midsagittal plane - this would run down the middle and divide the body into equal halves left and right
transverse plane - this would run horizontally and separate the body into top and bottom
frontal - this would run vertically and separate the body into anterior and posterior
Longitudinal organ cut - this would be cut along the length of the organ
Transverse/cross organ cut - Answer cut at a right angle at length of organ
oblique organ cut - Answer cut at anything but a right angle
usually associated with the small intestine
Serous membrane covers organs, lines cavity walls produces fluid that cuts down on friction b/t organs
Matter anything that occupies space and has mass (solid, liquid, gas)
Mass amount of matter in an object
Weight gravitational force acting on an object
Element- Answer simplest form of matter ex) C H O N Ca K Na Cl
Atom- Answer simplest particle of an element contains subatomic particles (e, pro, neu)
proton- Answer positive charge, in nucleus
electron- Answer negative charge, outside of nucleus
neutron- Answer neutral charge, different amounts
Atomic number- Answer number of protons in each atom
Mass number- Answer number of protons and neutrons in each atom
Chemical bond-Answer occurs when the outermost electrons are transferred/shared between atoms desire for interaction
Ionic bonding-Answer attraction between two oppositely charged ions one loses and one gains ion: charged particle
Covalent bonding-Answer atoms share 1+ electrons co=get together, valence = outermost ex) hydrogen molecule no complete transfer of electrons
Polar covalent bonds-Answer unequal sharing of electrons --> ex) H2O is asymmetrical polar molecule: asymmetrical electrical charge nonpolar molecule: symmetrical charge
Hydrogen bonds - Answ polar molecules that have a (+) end and a (-) end Form when the pos end of one polar molecule is weakly attracted to the neg end of another polar molecule weak => break apart/change form
Molecule - Answ 2+ atoms chemically combine
Compound - Answ chemical combination of 2 or more different types of atoms (ex: NaCl)
Chemical reactions - Answ formation/breaking of chemical bonds reactants: what is put into a rxn
ATP- Ans adenosine triphosphate stored energy; when it is broken down energy is released
Acids- Ans donate H+ (proton); pH less than 7 ex) HCl
Bases - Accept H+ (proton) pH greater than 7 ex) NaOH
Neutral - pH of 7 ex) H2O, blood (pH of 7.35ish)
Inorganic chemistry - Answer substances that do not contain carbon or hydrogen
Organic molecules - Answer contain C H O H:O ratio is 2:1 RATIO
Monosaccharides - Answer building blocks simple sugars (simple = rapid energy) ex) glucose/fructose
Disaccharides - Answer 2 sugars glucose+fructose = sucrose glucose+galactose = lactose
Polysaccharides - Answer many sucgars ex) startch, grain, vegetables, glycogen big => takes more time to break down (store)
Carbohydrate functions - Answer - short term energy storage
- chuyển nhanh thành glucose
- glucose để tạo thành ATP
- Các tế bào não cần glucose
Protein characteristics - Answer - chứa C H O N
- amino acids là các block xây dựng cơ bản của protein (total là 20)
- animo acids có nhóm amine NH2 và carboxyl group
- amino acids không được dự trữ nên cần cung cấp hàng ngày
Functions of proteins - Answer make skin, hair, nails, muscles
- hemoglobin: vehicle for O
- act as enzymes
- immune system functions (anitbodies)
- muscle contractions (actin/myosin)
- part of cell membrane
Denaturation of proteins - Answer when they lose shape high temperate low pH (too acidic)
Function of an enzyme - Answer Act as a catalyst (increase rate of reaction) by lowering activation energy (metabolism)
Cell Functions - Answer - basic unit of life
- synthesis of molecules
- communication (both w/ itself and neighboring cells)
- cell metabolism and energy release
- reproduction and inheritance (DNA)
Organelles - Answer specialized structures in cells that perform a specific function "little organs" ex) nucleus, mitochondria, ribsomes
Cytoplasm - Answer jellylike substance that holds organelles; inside cell; gives shell shape and holds organelles in place
Cell membrane - Answer - outer most component of cell
- selective barrier, encloses cytoplasm
- extracellular: material outside cell
- intracellular: material inside cell
Cell Membrane structure - Answer - called "Fluid Mosaic Model" - living environment -> particular permeability
- made up of phospholipids and proteins
- phospholipids double layer composition called a bilayer
- phospholipids have 2 regions: polar (hydrophilic) and non polar (hydrophobic)
Movement thru cel membrane - Answer - selectively allows or rejects what enters or leaves the cell
- enzymes, glycogens and potassium in higher concentrations intra cellular
- sodium, calcium, chloride is found in higher concentrations extra cellular => concentration graident
how things pass thru cell membrane-1) directly thru-diffusion: O2, CO2; conc. gradient
- membrane channels: proteins extend from inside cell: size/shape/charge determine what can go thru 3) carrier molecules: bind to mols transport across and drop them off (example: glucose) 4) vesicles: can transport a wide variety; fuse with cell membrane Diffusionmoving molecules high -> low concentrations until equilibrium solution-solid/liquid/gas that contains 1+ solutes solute: substance added to a solvent that dissolves solvent: substance such as H2O that solute is being added to
Concentration gradient - Answer measures concentration difference @ 2 points greater distance, the faster the solute will travel
Filtration - Answer movement of a liquid through a partition with holes (high -> low) ex) kidneys filter solute out of blood
Facilitated diffusion - Answer diffusion with aid of a carrier molecule; requires no ATP b/c high to low enzymes fit the substance you want to bring in; change shape
Active transport - Answer moves substances from low -> high concentration requires ATP ex) sodium-potassium pump: enzymes that live in cell membranes; maintain balance of in/out concentrations NA+ in groups of 3, K in groups of 2 3:2 -> bring in 3 Na+, kick out 2 K+
Nuclear pores-Answer located @ surface of nucleus where materials pass in/out of cell (& limits them)
Chromosome-Answer location inside nucleus; made of DNA and proteins part of genetic make up
Chromatin-Answer inside nucleus loosely coiled chromosomes
Nucleolus-Answer in nucleus produces ribosomes
Ribosome-Answer attached to the RER or cytoplasm; produce proteins
RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum)-Answer in cytoplasm; membranes with ribosomes attached; site of protein synthesis
SER (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) - in cytoplasm
- membrane with no ribosomes
- site of lipid synthesis
Golgi apparatus - "packing house"
- closely packed stacks of membranes (like discs)
- collect, sort, package, distribute proteins and lipids
Secretory vesicle - in cytoplasm distribute materials out fo cell
Lysosome - in cytoplasm enzymes that digest foreign material (nutrients, packages, etc)
Mitochondria - in cytoplasm contains folds (cristae) produces ATP has its own DNA
Cilia - Answer located @ cell surface; many per cell; moves material around the cell's surface
Flagella - Answer located @ cell surface 1 per cell move the cell - propels cell, ex: sperm
Microvilli - Answer located @ cell surface; shorter than cilia increase surface area -> invaginations; important in intestines and food absorption
- proteins convey code of gene expression
- enzymes regulate chemical rxn
- utilizes transcription/translation
Transcription Solution Process by which DNA is read in ribosomes
- produces mRNA (messenger RNA) which contains codons codons - set of 3 nucleotide bases that code for a particular amino acid Translation - RNA is converted to amino acids (polypeptides)
- produces proteins
- codons pair with anticodons anticodons - 3 nucleotide bases carried by tRNA Cell division - formation of 2 daughter cells from a single parent cell mitosis/meiosis each cell (exc sperm/egg) contain 46 chromosomes (diploid) sperm and egg cells contain 23( haploid)
Mitosis - Answer cell division that occurs in all cells except sex cells forms 2 daughter cells
Mitosis: components (3) - Answer 1) chromatid: 2 strands of chromosomes that are genetically identical
- centromere: where 2 chromatids are conneted
- centrioles: small organelle composed of 9 triplets
Mitosis Stages - Answer 1) interphase (s/g): b/t divisions, DNA in strands, DNA replication
- prophase: chromatin condenses into chromosomes; centrioles to opp ends; nuclear env deteriorates; lose nucleolus
- metaphase: chromosomes align
- anaphase: chromatids separate to form 2 sets of chromosomes, chromosoems move towards centroiles
- telophase: chromosomes disperse; nuclear envelope/nucleoli form; cytoplasm divides to form 2 cells
Tissue - Answer group of cells with similar structure and function; plus extracellular substance (matrix) Histology: study of tissues
Epithelial tissues Answer covers bodyinternal and external ex skin, kidney, trachea cells close togetherlittle extracellular matrix form most glands have free surfaceapical/top basal surface: attaches it to underlying tissue
Functions of epithelial tissue Answer protect ex: skin act as barrier ex: skin keeps bacteria out diffusion and filtration thru membrane; ex: lungs/kidneys secretion ex: sweat glands absorption x: small intestine
Classification of epithelial tissue Answers -classified according to number of cell layers and cell shape
- simple and stratified = number of cell layers
- squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional = cell shape Simple epithelium Answers 1 layer of cells Stratified epithelium Answers Many layers of cells Simple squamous Answers 1 layer flat /tile like
