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MCB4203 - Module 14 Exam With
Complete Solution
Bioterrorism - Answer What is the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, or other germs that can sicken or kill people, livestock, or crops?
Dual-use agents - Answer What are biological agents (bacteria, virus, toxins) that are used in non-malicious ways (therapeutic development, educational purposes) but could also be used as bio-weapons?
Botulinum toxin
Staphylococcal enterotoxins
B. anthracis - Answer What are three examples of dual-use agents?
Poisoning of water wells; arrows dipped in poison, diseased blood - Answer How was bioterrorism practiced in ancient times?
World War 1 - Answer After what event was the Geneva protocol established?
Geneva protocol - Answer What banned bioweapon use (not possession/research etc.)?
Biological and Toxins Weapons Convention (1975) - Answer What is the first international disarmament treaty (~176) countries?
Yersinia pestis - Answer What requires flea as a vehicle for transmission; bacterium sensitive to antibiotics; was used as a bioweapon during WW2?
Botulinum neurotoxin - Answer What has potential as a bioterror agent if it is introduced into water or food supplies; difficulty in initial diagnosis; relative ease in acquisition?
Smallpox virus - Answer What has potential as a bioterror agent because it has a naïve population; extremely contagious and lethal; has been used as a bioweapon in the past; ability to vaccinate exposed persons key in control of disease spread (disease prevented if vaccination occurs within 3-4 days post-exposure)?
Bacillus anthracis - Answer What has potential as a bioterror agent because the spores are extremely stable outside the host; can be produced in large quantities; spores require refinement?
Bacillus anthracis - Answer What is a gram-postivie, non-motile, aerobic, facultative anaerobic, large rod-shaped bacterium capable of forming dormant spores?
Soil, herbivore mammals, humans - Answer What are three locations where Bacillus anthracis is found?
Cutaneous
Inhalation
Gastrointestinal
Injectional - Answer What are the four types of disease Bacillus anthracis can cause?
Temperature and oxygen/CO2 - Answer What regulate Bacillus anthacis's sporulation and germination?
Cutaneous - Answer What disease causes small blisters or bumps (may itch) -> painless skin sore (ulcer) with a black center (often on face, neck, arms, or hands) -> swelling -> dissemination and death if left untreated?
Inhalation - Answer What disease symptoms have spores less than 5 micrometers in size are inhaled and reach the lower respiratory tract; fever and chills, chest discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, or stomach pains, sweats, extreme tiredness, can lead to shock which can be highly fatal?
Gastrointestinal - Answer What disease's symptoms include fever, chills, swelling of neck or neck glands, sore throat, painful swallowing, hoarseness, nausea, blood vomiting, flushing and red eyes, stomach pain, swelling of abdomen?
Injectional - Answer What disease's symptoms are similar to cutaneous, but much more rapid disease progression?
Capsule - Answer What is a poly-y-D-glutamic acid polypeptide that protects against phagocytosis?
Edema factor - Answer What is an adenylate cyclase that has high levels of intracellular cAMP which leads to a disturbance of H2O homeostasis and disruption of intracellular signaling pathways?
Lethal factor - Answer What is zinc metalloprotease that selectively inactivate mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases which leads to a deregulation of numerous cell processes and abnormal ion transport, loss of electrolytes and water, blockage of cellular signal transduction pathways, improper functioning of immune response?
Bioweapon - Answer Anthrax has been used as a ________.
2001 outbreak in USA - Answer What event had spore-containing envelopes mailed to news and government offices; general consensus is that it was "non-weaponized"; 11 inhalational and 11 cutaneous cases reported; two suspects investigated, no one ever formally charged/prosecuted?
All forms of disease treatable with antibiotics
Vaccine available, but recommended only for certain at-risk adult groups
Anti-toxin strategies still under investigation - Answer What are some treatment and prevention methods for anthrax attacks?
Soil, water, plants - Answer Where is P. aeruginosa present?
Cystic fibrosis - Answer What is a disease of abnormal electrolyte transport and mucous secretion from exocrine glands and secretory epithelia?
P. aeruginosa - Answer What often predominates the cystic fibrosis lung causing growth within the copious sputum (mucus); infections within the CF lung are highly refractory to antimicrobial treatment and are often maintained throughout the life of the individual?
Pycocyanin - Answer What is a small-molecule toxic blue-green pigment; redox-active compound that generates reactive oxygen species; disrupts action of cilia and phagocytic function?
Alginate capsule - Answer What deals with adherence, resistance against phagocytosis, protection of biofilm, and is anti-desiccant?
Acinetobacter baumannii - Answer What has a high incidence among immunocompromised individuals, especially those who have experienced a prolonged (>90 days) hospital stay?
D. Teichoic acid - Answer Which molecule listed is NOT a component of Gram-negative bacterial cell wall?
A.Lipopolysaccharide
B. Peptidoglycan
C. Outer membrane
D. Teichoic acid
B. Bacterium would be limited in terms of iron acquisition - Answer If P. aeruginosa lacks siderophores, what would be the primary outcome/phenotype?
A. Bacterium would form more biofilms
B. Bacterium would be limited in terms of iron acquisition
C. Bacterium would have decreased twitching motility
D. Bacterium would have an increased motility
A. This pigment interferes with redox cycle in the host cell - Answer What is the function of Pyocyanin?
A. This pigment interferes with redox cycle in the host cell
B. This is a pigment that helps with the recognition of bacterium but plays no function
C. This pigment is a photosynthetic pigment
D. This is an AB type toxin that forms pores
D. This bacterium can live on various carbon sources, it is energetically flexible - Answer Which statement is true about P. aeruginosa metabolism?
A. This bacterium is a photosynthetic bacterium which grows specifically on lactose and mucous
B. This bacterium can use variety of energy sources but is limited to only one carbon source (glucose)
C. This bacterium can only leave on glucose
D. This bacterium can live on various carbon sources, it is energetically flexible
D. Bacillus anthracis - Answer Select the name of the agent based on the description:
This bacterium is a Gram-positive bacterium that forms dormant spores and it also makes a very potent toxin, it is commonly found in soil.
A. E. coli
B. Acinetobacter baumannii
C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
D. Bacillus anthracis
C. ExoS - Answer What is an example of a T3SS effector in P. aeruginosa?
