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MCB 4203 Exam 1 2024/2025 COMPLETE Pathogenic Microbiology EXAM WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+ FSC, Exams of Nursing

Florida State College at Jacksonville (FSCJ)Nursing

MCB 4203 Exam 1 2024/2025 COMPLETE Pathogenic Microbiology EXAM WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+ FSCJ Three types of Yersinia pestis infections? -Bubonic (80% DR), septicaemic (100% DR), or pneumonic (95% DR) plague types. How did the trade and changing environments bring Yersinia pestis into Europe? Climate change in Asia caused rodents with infected fleas to move to populated areas. Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, have circular DNA, and are typically much smaller. Eukaryotes have a nucelus, mem bound organelles, and linear DNA. Who first coined "cells"? Robert Hooke Who made their own microscopes and examined single-celled organisms? Antony von Leeuwenhoek Four questions scientists sought to answer? 1. Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible? 2. What causes fermentation? 3. What causes disease? 4. How can we prevent infection and disease?

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MCB 4203 Exam 1 2024/2025 COMPLETE Pathogenic
Microbiology EXAM WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+ FSCJ
Three types of Yersinia pestis infections?
-Bubonic (80% DR), septicaemic (100% DR), or pneumonic (95% DR) plague types.
How did the trade and changing environments bring Yersinia pestis into Europe?
Climate change in Asia caused rodents with infected fleas to move to populated areas.
Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, have circular DNA, and are
typically much smaller. Eukaryotes have a nucelus, mem bound organelles, and linear DNA.
Who first coined "cells"?
Robert Hooke
Who made their own microscopes and examined single-celled organisms?
Antony von Leeuwenhoek
Four questions scientists sought to answer?
1. Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible?
2. What causes fermentation?
3. What causes disease?
4. How can we prevent infection and disease?
Who setup the "meat-jar" experiment to disprove spontaneous generation?
Francesco Redi
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Download MCB 4203 Exam 1 2024/2025 COMPLETE Pathogenic Microbiology EXAM WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+ FSC and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

MCB 4203 Exam 1 2024/2025 COMPLETE Pathogenic

Microbiology EXAM WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+ FSCJ

Three types of Yersinia pestis infections?

  • Bubonic (80% DR), septicaemic (100% DR), or pneumonic (95% DR) plague types. How did the trade and changing environments bring Yersinia pestis into Europe? Climate change in Asia caused rodents with infected fleas to move to populated areas. Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, have circular DNA, and are typically much smaller. Eukaryotes have a nucelus, mem bound organelles, and linear DNA. Who first coined "cells"? Robert Hooke Who made their own microscopes and examined single-celled organisms? Antony von Leeuwenhoek Four questions scientists sought to answer?
  1. Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible?
  2. What causes fermentation?
  3. What causes disease?
  4. How can we prevent infection and disease? Who setup the "meat-jar" experiment to disprove spontaneous generation? Francesco Redi

John Needham's and Lazzaro Spallanzani's experiments? Chicken broth in sealed jar, before and after heating. John Needham= reinforced spon gen Lazzaro Spallanzani= disproved spon gen 3 founders of bacteriology? Ferdinand Cohn: Louis Pasteur: fermentation, challenged spon gen, germ theory, broken neck flask Robert Koch: Anthrax bacillus, Koch's postulates Koch's Postulates

  • sequence of experimental steps to determine if bacteria causes disease Carl Linneaus
  • first grouped organisms into taxonomies
  • six categories for microorganisms: Fungi, protozoa, algae, bacteria, archea, small animals Structure of LPS? Lipid A, O antigen, and core polysaccharide E. coli O157:H Shiga toxin producing, foodborne, causes kidney failure and death, cause of outbreaks What is the importance of immunocompromised peeps? They provide an opportunity for opportunistic pathogens
  • Opportunistic pathogens: not normally pathogenic except for those whose immune systems are down. Cells of Adaptive immune system B lymphocytes, antibodies, plasma cells, APCs, T lymphocytes, Effector T cells

Specialized defenses of the respiratory tract

  • goblet cells and ciliated epithelial layer
  • specialized ciliated columnar cells-propel blobs out H. pylori survival in stomach
  • urease=creates higher pH by making ammonia from urea, allows flagella on H. pylori to move better through mucin
  • chemotaxis and cell shape Edward Jenner
  • first vaccine
  • used milkmaids exposed to cowpox as a vaccine against smallpox Elie Metchnikoff
  • discovered white blood cells at site of inflammation
  • theory that white blood cells find and engulf bad things
  • innate immunity Immune cells develop into functional cells in the... bone marrow and thymus Immune tissues are... spleen, blood, lymphatic tissues Immune cells present in the blood are... eosionphil, neutrophil, basophil, B and T lymphocytes, monocytes and Nk cells, clotting factors (plasma), antibodies Cells present in the lymphatic system are... macrophages, dendritic cells, and B and T lymphocytes*

Cells present in spleen are... macrophages, NK cells, monocyte, T cells*, B cells Monocytes

  • circulate in blood, mature into macrophages
  • found in almost all tissues Macrophages
  • phagocytic, engulf and kill pathogens
  • do not self destruct
  • process and present antigens-activates T/B cells Regulate innate immunity by producing cytokines and chemokines Cytokine
  • potent low MW cell signaling molecule
  • produced locally by cell types and involved in a lot of immune responses Chemokine Low MW proteins that stimulate leukocyte movement
  • direct wbc to site of infection M1 macrophage
  • metabolize R into ROS (nitric oxide) and stimulate inflammation
  • bactericidal activity, inflammation, immunostimulation
  • stimulated by LPS/TNF/IFNgamma
  • produces: TNF a, iNOS, and IL-1b M2 macrophage
  • metabolize R into ornithine for urea cycle to dampen immune response-promote repair of damaged tissue
  • congregate around blood vessels and release granules w histamine
  • result=vasodilation of blood vessels, helps movement of neutrophils (PMNs) and monocytes to site of infection Natural Killer Cells
  • non phagocytic
  • provides protection against viruses, intracellular pathogens-can lyse tumor cells (malignant transformation)
  • can kill cells affected with virus (altered antigen presentation
  • primary source of IFN-gamma: potent antiviral and immuno regulating cytokine Neutrophils (PMNs) know where to go because...
  • cytokines
  • selectins that alter binding and motility Process of PMNs traveling from blood to affected tissues
  1. Macrophages and DCs centralize to tissue location
  2. PMNs and monocytes made in bone marrow use signals to travel through blood
  3. Selectins on surface of endothelial cells allow for reversible binding= rolling (IL8=tighter binding)
  4. PMNs stop, flatten and move through blood vessel wall
  5. PMNs move along C5a gradient (chemoattractant) Complement
  • produced in liver, found in blood or tissue, zymogens
  • enhance opsonization of bacteria
  • direct PMNs and monocytes to infection
  • inflammatory response and vasodilation
  • target Gram-negative bacteria and kill Secretory immunoglobin A (sIgA)
  • binds to mucin and MALT
  • activated upon PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns)
  • antibody in mucus innate immunity
  • production and release of cytokines and chemokines to induce complement system PAMPs
  • pathogen associated molecular patterns
  • "bacterial barcode"
  • Gram-neg= LPS, peptidoglycan, flagellin
  • Gram-pos= LTA, peptidoglycan
  • DNA/RNA TLRs
  • toll like receptors
  • bind to PAMPs inside or on surface of cell to modulate innate immune response
  • contains a Leucine rich repeat (LRR), which binds PAMP and induces dimerization
  • activation of signaling cascade= inflammaotry or phagocytic response TIRs Toll/ IL-TR domain
  • intracellular domain that conveys signal caused by LRR binding to PAMP to interior of phagocytic cell
  • leads to signal transduction cascade TLR
  • binding partner= LPS
  • expressed on surface of cell
  • LPS is transferred to TLR4 after bacterial lysis, complex triggers signal transduction cascade, activated NF-kB (transcription factor), NF-kB goes to nucleus, leads to inflammatory cytokine gene expression TLR
  • recognizes bacterial flagellin
  • exposed on surface of cell
  • same mechanism as TLR

Oxidative killing

  • formation of ROS and NOS
  • lysosomal enzymes produce these to destroy bacteria Autophagy
  • enables breakdown and recycling bad cell components
  • targets intracellular pathogens and creates a phagolysosome
  • bacteria that escape=ubiquinated
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella enterica, Rickettsia conorii=escape pathway Complement pathways
  • C3b=opsonizes bacteria
  • C5a=vasodilator and chemokine that attracts phagocytes
  • C3a=vasodilator
  • C3=convertase leading to cleavage MACs
  • membrane attack complex
  • create pores in membrane=lysis of bacteria IL4 and IL-10 are... anti-inflammatory TNFa, IL-1b, IL-6 are... pro-inflammatory cytokines Sepsis
  • cytokine storm=overhwleming inflammatory response
  • toxic shock
  • triggering of pro-inflammatory cytokine release by Gram-neg LPS Stages of sepsis SIRS: temp rises, high PMN count Sepsis: culture documented infection Severe Sepsis: organ disfunction and hypotension Septic shock: hypotension and high death rate Adaptive Immune System cells
  • B cells
  • plasma cells
  • Memory B cells
  • T cell
  • effector T cell
  • cytotoxic T cell
  • memory T cell Adaptive immune system cells are located in... blood, spleen, thymus, lymphatic system/tissue Reciprocal crosstalk b/t adaptive and innate immune
  • an antibody from adaptive can trigger a complement in innate
  • A B and T cell from adaptive can activate MAC and Dendritic cells from innate Humoral immunity
  • B cells=production of antibodies (Abs)
  • B cells-> terminal maturation= plasma cells
  • production of antibodies by T cell activation or independent of T cells by antigen An immature B cell produces... IgM

Antibody

  • Immunoglobins that recognize and bind(non covalently) foreign antigen
  • different classes, common structural features
  • protective functions: oponization, toxin neutralization, complement mediated lysis, infected cells interact with NK (ADCC) Epitope
  • antigenic determinant protein
  • antigen part that is recognized by the immune system
  • 4 to 16 amino acids long
  • Continuous=based on primary structure
  • discontinuous= based o tertiary structure IgM
  • primary immune response
  • on surface of all uncommitted B cells
  • highest binding capacity
  • bacteria and viruses
  • Activates complement
  • Can mediate opsonization
  • First antibody type expressed in fetus and bind to naïve B cells IgG
  • secondary response
  • rapid response (memory cells)
  • Same amount of IgM, higher IgG
  • higher affinity Ab-Ag binding IgE
  • bound to mast cells, basophils, eosinophils
  • Degranulation of mast cells
  • allergic reactions

IgA

  • mucosal immunity
  • monomer: helps clear Ag-Ab complexes from blood
  • Binds to Fc on immune cells, causes ADCC
  • dimer: sIgA=traps microbes in mucin layer, GI bacteria IgG1 and IgG
  • function=neutralization of toxins, pathogens,
  • differences in opsonization and complement activation
  • IgG1=good, has PMN receptors, macrophage receptors, complement activation
  • IgG2=not good, doesn't have anything Immunoglobins in maternal immunity IgG= passive transfer from placenta
  • phagocytosis, complement activation, in developing fetus IgA= passive transfer in mammary gland
  • cell activation and microbiota regulation MHC
  • major histocompatibility complex
  • produced by all nucleated cells in body
  • endogenous, intracellular pathogen
  • activation of CD8+ Tc cells
  • proteasome or TAP
  • targets cells for destruction MHC 2
  • present only on antigen presenting cells
  • binds exogenous antigens
  • Helper T cells (Th cells)
  • Bind C4+ adhesion molecule
  • induction of antibody production and attraction of immune cells to area of infection
  • endocytosis

Cytotoxic T cells

  • CD8+ (cytotoxic, killer) T cells
  • Similar function to NK and PMNs
  • interacts with MHC 1 on APCs, then kills them
  • Release cytotoxic granules - > perforin, granzymes (kills host via apoptosis but not microbes which are phagocytized) or pore-forming cytolysin named granulysin (primarily kills bacteria)
  • important for killing intracellular pathogens Apoptosis is activated by...
  • caspase-3/7 activation Th1 and Th2 cells Overview
  • CD4+, T helper cells
  • Th1=IgG production- intracellular cytotoxic T cell activation and pathogens
  • Th2=differentiate, produce cytokines, clearance of extracellular bacteria Th1 cells (specific)
  • stimulated to proliferate by IL-12 and IL-2 released by APCs
  • release IL-2, IFN-γ, and TGF-β
  • Recognition of MHC II-epitope by CD4+ Th1 cells stimulates the production and release of IL- 2 and IFN-γ - > activation of macrophages.
  • cellular immunity most effective against intracellular pathogens
  • only specific binding of an MHC-epitope complex to its cognate TCR will result in Th cell activation. Th2 cells (specific)
  • stimulated to proliferate by IL- 4
  • release IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13to modulate other immune cells
  • MHC II-epitope stimulation of CD4+ Th2 cells stimulates naïve B cells to proliferate into B cells

  • antibody-producing plasma cells

  • Function in humoral immunity and production of memory B cells
  • IL-4 stimulates B cells to produce IgE - > mast cell stimulation (histamine, serotonin, and leukotrienes)
  • most effective against extracellular pathogens History of vaccine development Variolation - inoculation of individuals with material from smallpox pustule, 2-3% risk of infection
  • China - 15th century
  • India - 18th century
  • Europe: Edward Jenner study 1797 - vaccination
  • Complete eradication of smallpox 1980. Campaign by WHO1960s-1970s; Last case was in Somalia in 1977 Other infections: Louis Pasteur 1880 (fowl cholera), 1881 (anthrax), rabies (1885) - attenuated pathogens Antigen choice for making 'ideal' vaccine
  • Vaccine has to elicit protective immune response - > long-lasting cell-mediated immunity (T cells and B cells)
  • one that elicits a protective immune response, continuous epitope accessible to antibody, Booster might be needed: protection dependent on the ratio of antibody to antigen: antibody titers have to be high, memory Th2/B cells have to be high. Elimination
  • reduction of new disease cases to zero in a specified area Eradication
  • worldwide eradication Smallpox eradiction (1) It is a human-specific disease with no known animal reservoir for the pathogen, such that person-to-person transmission can be prevented, with no risk of reintroduction through animal exposure. (2) There are excellent sensitive and specific diagnostic and surveillance tools available for rapid identification and epidemiologic tracking.
  • Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR combined vaccine), Rotavirus, Smallpox, Chickenpox, Yellow fever
  • Inactivated vaccines
  • use the killed version of the germ that causes a disease
  • don't provide immunity (protection) that's as strong as live vaccines, boosters often needed
  • Hepatitis A, flu shot, polio shot, rabies
  • Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines
  • Use specific part of the microbe such as protein, sugar, capsid
  • Strong immune response that is targeted
  • Can be used for immunocpromised
  • Often requires boosters and needs to be designed
  • Haemophilus influenzae, hepatitis B, HPV, Whooping cough, pneumococcal diseases, meningococcal, shingles
  • Toxoid vaccines
  • Use toxin made by bacterial pathogen, immunity to the toxins and not the bacteria
  • Often require boosters
  • Diphtheria, Tetanus Adjuvants
  • •strategy to improve the immunogenicity of vaccines
  • components added to the vaccine formulation that serve as both antigen delivery systems and immune potentiators to induce stronger immune responses than the antigen alone.
  • can be used to help direct the immune system toward a desired Th1, Th2, and/or Th response
  • subunit vaccines often require the addition of adjuvants to improve delivery and immunogenicity or specific effects on particular immunity
  • E.g. peptide-based vaccines need adjuvants as alone they do not elicit much of an immune responseand epitope can be ignored (induced tolerance, anergy, a consequence of antigen- induced cell death of activated, antigen-specific T cells)
  • Adjuvants increase the half-life of activated T cells

Adjuvant examples

  • Freund's Adjuvant. 1940s, inactivated Mycobacterium tuberculosis emulsified in mineral oil or paraffin. Stimulates cell-mediated immunity. Stimulates production of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF), - > pain and tissue damage. Freund's incomplete adjuvant has no mycobacterial components
  • Aluminum Salts. Might promote antigen uptake by DCs or stimulate Th2 response (humoral activity e.g. IgG1, IgE, IL-4). Vaccines with alum cannot be sterilized by filtration, freezing or lyophilization.
  • Triterpenoid-based Adjuvants. Plant-derived triterpene glycosides (saponins). Elicit strong, long-lasting Th1, Th2, and cell-mediated immunity, including CTL responses. High toxicity and undesirable hemolytic side effects, instable in aqueous solutions. =used in animals
  • Virosomes. Influenza virus-derived antigen carrier and adjuvant. Virosomes are vesicles (nanoparticles) composed of a lipid membrane with membrane-bound viral proteins, mostly hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. Lack the viral genetic material. Help with the delivery of encapsulated antigens to APCs. Present antigens via both MHC-I and MHC-II - > humoral antibody and cell-mediated immunity.
  • Liposomes and Microspheres. Liposomes incorporate the antigens and adjuvant components in synthetic lipid membranes. Microspheres (microcapsules) made of microparticles of biodegradable polymers such as poly(lactide-co-glycolide) to carry protein or polysaccharide antigen. Controlled release possible to increase exposure time with the immune system. Memory response might be elicited with 1-2 injections. Difficulty penetrating mucin layer?
  • traps bacteria
  • surface components bound by mucin
  • viscosity makes swimming hard
  • resistant to enzymatic digestion How do bacteria transverse mucin layer?
  • some bacteria digest (mucinase)
  • manipulation of M cells
  • H. pylori adaptations (mucin=pH, flagella and corkscrew, urease) Secretory sIgA Proteases