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MBI RESPIRATORY A 1 N00%D S KVEIN DRIFIEISEAD!!SES EXAM 4 REVIEW
COVID-19 - ANSWER Agent: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2); Signs: asymptomatic, mild (flu-like & loss of taste/smell), or severe (difficulty breathing, confusion, headaches, sleep problems); Complications: secondarybacterial pneumonia, overactive immune responses, & many others; Treatment: antivirals (early); supportive care; Prevention: vaccination & isolation of cases. Respiratory Tract Host Defenses - ANSWER URT: pharynx/throat, nose, sinuses, ears;URT defenses: mucous membranes, sneezing, coughing, & normal microbiota; LRT: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, & lungs; LRT defenses: epiglottis, mucous membranes,ciliary escalator, coughing, & sneezing.
Chain of Transmission - ANSWER Primary mode of transmission: droplets; Generalprevention strategies: handwashing, cover nose/mouth, & disinfection of surfaces.
RSV Disease - ANSWER Agent: respiratory syncytial virus (RSV); Most individuals: mildcold-like illness; Infants & elderly: early flu-like then bronchitis & pneumonia causes distinctive wheezing; Treatment: antivirals for severe; supportive care; Prevention:vaccination & antibodies (passive immunity) for high-risk infants.
Common cold - ANSWER Agents (200+): rhinoviruses & coronaviruses; Signs: rhinitis &coughing; Complications: secondary bacterial infections - sinusitis & otitis media; Treat/Prevent: no antivirals, general prevention. Pertussis - ANSWER Agent: Bordetella pertussis bacteria; Exotoxins: pertussis toxin(thick ropey mucus); Sign: severe coughing; High risk: infants, young children; Complication: secondary bacterial pneumonia; Treatment: EARLY antibiotics;Prevention: vaccination, isolation and antibiotics for cases, & prophylaxis for close contacts. Streptococcal Pharyngitis - ANSWER Agent: Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria; Signs of
pharyngitis: pharyngitis and fever; Diagnostic tests for streptococcal pharyngitis:Agglutination test (rapid; antibody-antigen), Blood agar test (overnight; hemolysin test).
Scarlet Fever - ANSWER Agent: Streptococcus pyogenes; Signs of scarlet fever:pharyngitis, fever, bright red sandpaper-like rash (erythrogenic toxin); Complication: rheumatic fever an autoimmune disease of heart valves and/or joints (arthritis);Treatment: EARLY antibiotics; Prevention: vaccination, isolation and antibiotics for cases, & prophylaxis for close contacts. Pneumococcal pneumonia - ANSWER Agent: Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria;Infection of the lungs: signs are fever, cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, discolored sputum; Complications: otitis media, sinusitis, septicemia, & meningitis;Treatment: antibiotics, resistance is serious threat; Prevention: vaccination & isolation.
Influenza - ANSWER Agent: influenza viruses; Antigenic drift - spontaneous mutations inantigen genes of individual viruses → yearly epidemics; Antigenic shift: mixing of antigen genes from pig/bird/humanheadache, & cough; Complication: secondary bacterial pneumonia; Treatment: antiviral → new viruses; pandemics; Signs: fever, fatigue, aches, (early), resistance problem; Prevention: vaccination & isolation of cases. Tuberculosis (TB) - ANSWER Agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria; Latent TB:low bacteria # in lungs, (+) skin test for immune response, NO signs, NOT transmissible; Active TB: high bacteria # in lungs, (+) skin test, (+) sputum test detects bacteria, (+)chest x-ray = lung damage, pneumonia signs, transmissible; Treatment: antibiotic, serious resistance threat use drug combinations & directly observed therapy; Prevent inU.S.: skin test; treat latent & active TB.
Skin Structure & Defenses - ANSWER Epidermis (outer layer): inhibits/kills microbeswith salt, acid, lysozyme, dryness (keratin), sheds to remove microbes, normal microbiota, tightly packed cells prevent entry into dermis; Dermis (lower layer): onlysecond line nonspecific host defenses & immune responses.
Folliculitis - ANSWER Agent: Staphylococcus aureus bacteria; Transmits by contact;infects hair follicles; Signs (inflammation): red, swelling, pain, pus; High risk: chronic carriers; Treat: incision/drainage to reduce selective pressure for antibiotic resistance;antibiotics only if needed; Prevention: hygiene, handwashing, barriers (bandages, gloves, etc.), & disinfect surfaces.
erythrogenic toxin. Signs: pharyngitis, fever, bright red sandpaper-like rash(erythrogenic toxin). Complication: rheumatic fever.
Pneumococcal pneumonia - ANSWER Agent: Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria.Infection of the lungs: signs are fever, cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, discolored sputum. Complications: otitis media, sinusitis, septicemia, & meningitis. Influenza - ANSWER Agent: influenza viruses. Antigenic drift - spontaneous mutations inantigen genes of individual viruses → yearly epidemics; new vaccine needed yearly. Antigenic shift: mixing of antigen genes from pig/bird/human → new viruses; pandemics. Tuberculosis (TB) - ANSWER Agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. Latent TB:low bacteria # in lungs, (+) skin test for immune response, NO signs, NOT transmissible. Active TB: high bacteria # in lungs, (+) skin test, (+) sputum test detects bacteria, (+)chest x-ray = lung damage, pneumonia signs, transmissible.
Skin Structure & Defenses - ANSWER Epidermis (outer layer): inhibits/kills microbeswith salt, acid, lysozyme, dryness (keratin), sheds to remove microbes, normal microbiota, tightly packed cells prevent entry into dermis. Dermis (lower layer): onlysecond line nonspecific host defenses & immune responses.
Folliculitis - ANSWER Agent: Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Transmits by contact;infects hair follicles. Signs (inflammation): red, swelling, pain, pus. High risk: chronic carriers. Measles - ANSWER Agent: measles virus. Mode of transmission: droplets. Infection ofrespiratory tract → blood → skin. Disables cell-mediated immune responses. Signs: maculopapular rash, high fever. Impetigo - ANSWER Agents: S. aureus and/or S. pyogenes. Signs: red sores on the face,especially around the nose and mouth.
Treatment for COVID-19 - ANSWER Antivirals (early); supportive care.
Prevention for COVID-19 - ANSWER Vaccination & isolation of cases. Chain of Transmission for COVID-19 - ANSWER Primary mode of transmission: droplets. General Prevention Strategies - ANSWER Handwashing, cover nose/mouth, &disinfection of surfaces.
Treatment for RSV Disease - ANSWER Antivirals for severe; supportive care. Prevention for RSV Disease - ANSWER Vaccination & antibodies (passive immunity) forhigh-risk infants.
Treatment for Pertussis - ANSWER EARLY antibiotics. Prevention for Pertussis - ANSWER Vaccination, isolation and antibiotics for cases, &prophylaxis for close contacts.
Treatment for Pneumococcal pneumonia - ANSWER Antibiotics early reduces rheumaticfever.
Prevention for Pneumococcal pneumonia - ANSWER Antibiotics & isolation of cases. Treatment for Influenza - ANSWER Antiviral (early), resistance problem. Prevention for Influenza - ANSWER Vaccination & isolation of cases. Treatment for Tuberculosis - ANSWER Antibiotic, serious resistance threat use drugcombinations & directly observed therapy.
Rubella agent - ANSWER Rubella virus. Modes of transmission for rubella - ANSWER Droplets & vertical. Rubella infection process - ANSWER Infects respiratory tract → blood → skin. Symptoms of rubella - ANSWER Asymptomatic or mild rash/fever. Congenital rubella syndrome (CNS) effects - ANSWER Causing miscarriage, stillbirth,premature birth, deafness, blindness, & developmental disabilities.
Gas gangrene agent - ANSWER Clostridium perfringens bacteria in soil. Gas gangrene infection process - ANSWER C. perfringens endospores in soil contact oxygen-free dermis → germinate → multiply. →
Gas gangrene complications - ANSWER Causes tissue death & rapid spread. High risk for gas gangrene - ANSWER Deep wounds, diabetes. Treatment for gas gangrene - ANSWER Surgically remove dead tissue, antibiotics. Prevention of gas gangrene - ANSWER Wound care, prophylaxis. Chickenpox agent - ANSWER Varicella zoster virus (VZV). Transmission of chickenpox - ANSWER Droplets (lungs/skin) & vertical.
Chickenpox infection process - ANSWER Infects respiratory tract → blood → skin. Nervous System Diseases components - ANSWER CNS (brain, spinal cord) andperipheral nerves.
Physical defenses of CNS - ANSWER Bones, meninges, cerebral spinal fluid, blood-brainbarrier (low permeability blood vessels in the brain).
Signs of CNS infections - ANSWER Itchy skin vesicles & fever. High risk for CNS infections - ANSWER Infants, pregnant women, adults. Complications of CNS infections - ANSWER Secondary bacterial skin infections,secondary bacterial pneumonia; viral encephalitis; congenital disease.
Meningitis agents - ANSWER Bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Signs of meningitis - ANSWER Painful stiff neck, severe headache, fever, photophobia, &white blood cells in CSF.
Bacterial meningitis risk - ANSWER Most life threatening. Shingles agent - ANSWER VZV reactivates after chickenpox. Signs of shingles - ANSWER Painful skin vesicles; peripheral nerve pain. Shingles complications - ANSWER Chronic peripheral nerve pain.
Lyme Disease complications - ANSWER Post-treatment syndrome. Lyme Disease treatment - ANSWER Antibiotics. Lyme Disease prevention - ANSWER Avoid/prevent tick bites. Meningococcal meningitis - ANSWER Agent: Neisseria meningitidis bacteria; Most likelycause of meningitis outbreaks.
Meningococcal meningitis high risk - ANSWER Infants & young adults. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) - ANSWER Often asymptomatic; STDs inflammation → increase HIV infection; Transmission: direct sexual contact. →
STD unique sign/treatment - ANSWER Petechiae (black rash) due to endotoxin surgically remove tissue. →
Listeriosis & Listeria meningitis - ANSWER Agent: Listeria monocytogenes,opportunistic; Foodborne: soil contaminated meats, unpasteurized dairy, & produce.
Listeriosis complications - ANSWER Most cases: asymptomatic/mild gastroenteritis;Elderly: meningitis and/or septicemia; Vertical transmission: miscarriage/fetal death.
Listeriosis treatment - ANSWER Antibiotics early! Listeriosis prevention - ANSWER Avoid high risk foods, cook meats, wash fruits andveggies, NO vaccine.
Bacterial STDs - ANSWER Chlamydia & gonorrhea; No effective immune response toclear pathogen; No immunity to future disease.
Chlamydia - ANSWER Agent: Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria; Most asymptomatic ="silent STD"; Complications: neonatal eye infections.
West Nile Virus (WNV) Disease - ANSWER Agent: West Nile virus (WNV); Reservoir:birds (zoonosis); Transmission: vector (mosquito).
West Nile Virus signs - ANSWER Asymptomatic, mild flu-like, or pneumonia; females PIDencephalitis (high fever, headache, painful stiff neck, flaccid paralysis, coma & death).
West Nile Virus high risk - ANSWER Elderly. West Nile Virus treatment - ANSWER No antivirals, supportive care only! West Nile Virus prevention - ANSWER Disrupt mosquito transmission. Gonorrhea - ANSWER Agent: Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria; Signs/symptoms: pain &discharge; Complications: severe neonatal eye infections; males inflammation spreads; females PID. Gonorrhea antibiotic resistance - ANSWER Urgent threat! Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) - ANSWER Untreated chlamydia or gonorrheaspreads to uterus, fallopian tubes, & ovaries; complications include chronic pain, secondary infections, ectopic pregnancy, & infertility. Cryptosporidiosis - ANSWER Agent: Cryptosporidium species protozoa, cyst inenvironment; transmission is fecal-oral, primarily by water; signs include diarrhea, chronic if immune compromised.
